scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of Steel Slag as Aggregate for Road Construction: Experimental Testing and Environmental Impact Assessment

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3587
Author(s):  
Marina Díaz-Piloneta ◽  
Marta Terrados-Cristos ◽  
Jose Valeriano Álvarez-Cabal ◽  
Eliseo Vergara-González
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Bof Slag

Blast Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag represents one of the largest waste fractions from steelmaking. Therefore, slag valorisation technologies are of high importance regarding the use of slag as a secondary resource, both in the steel sector and in other sectors, such as the construction or cement industries. The main issue regarding the use of BOF slag is its volumetric instability in the presence of water; this hampers its use in sectors and requires a stabilisation pre-treatment. These treatments are also cost-inefficient and cause other environmental issues. This paper analyses the use of untreated BOF slag from a technical and environmental point of view, suggesting it as an alternative to natural aggregates in road surface layers and asphalt pavements. A comprehensive analysis of the requirements to be met by raw materials used in asphalt mixes was performed, and a pilot test was carried out with two different mixtures: one mix with limestone as coarse aggregate and another with 15% BOF slag. Furthermore, the global warming impacts derived from each mix with different aggregates were measured by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), and a transport sensitivity analysis was also performed. The results show how the utilization of BOF slag as coarse aggregate in road construction improves the technical performance of asphalt mixtures (Marshall Quotient 4.9 vs. 6.6). Moreover, the introduction of BOF slag into the asphalt mix as a coarse aggregate, instead of limestone, causes a carbon emissions reduction rate of more than 14%.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM STORAGE OF ELECTRIC STEEL SMELTING SLAGS IN DUMPS ON THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Aleksey Pogromskiy ◽  
Tat'yana Anikanova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Electric Steel ◽  
Steel Smelting ◽  
Current Output ◽  
Main Component

construction, repair and reconstruction of roads require high costs of mineral raw materials in the form of sand, gravel, mineral powder. However, its reserves on the territory of our country are distributed unevenly, which causes significant transportation costs for the delivery of mineral resources to construction sites. In addition, mineral resources are inevitably reduced over time, which requires extensive involvement in the construction of roads of non-traditional types of raw materials, as well as industrial waste. The paper presents the results of studies of the properties of electric steel slag, the current output and stored in the dumps for several years. The main component of electric steel-smelting slags, both fresh and dumped, lying in dumps for about 20 years, is shannonite or γ-modification of calcium orthosilicate C2S. It has been established that the mineralogical composition of the Oskol Electrometallurgical Combine's slag is represented by hematite, wuistite, calcite, periclase, and also portlandite, formed during quenching of lime. Analysis of diffractograms of slags of different shelf life shows that in the initial periods of slag storage in the dumps there is a final quenching of lime and its carbonization with the formation of calcite. The results of the determination of the granulometric composition of the slag of different storage periods showed a decrease with time of the number of fine fractions and an increase in large fractions. It is established that when using electric steel-smelting slags in the construction and repair of highways, it is necessary to take into account changes in the physical and mechanical properties of materials. The processes that take place during the maintenance of slags in dumps determine the suitability of the use of slag mineral materials in road construction.

scholarly journals Research on the use of Ferro-Chrome slag in civil engineering applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 01017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalifa S. Al-Jabri
Keyword(s):  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Ferrochrome Slag

Over recent decades there has been rapid increase in the industrial waste materials and by-products yields due to the progressive growth rate of population, development of industry and technology and the growth of consumerism. With the growing environmental pressures to reduce waste and pollution, Intensive research studies have been conducted to explore all suitable reuse methods. Wastes such as construction waste, blast furnace, steel slag, coal fly ash and bottom ash have been approved in many places as alternative materials in bridges, roads, pavements, foundations and building construction. The use of industrial solid waste as a partial replacement of raw materials in construction activities not only saves landfill space but also reduces the demand for extraction of natural raw materials. Ferrochrome slag is a by-product from the production of chrome. There are environmental and economic advantages in seeing slags as a potentially useful resource rather than as waste products. Slag management at ferrochrome producing companies has been influenced by the limited space available and financial cost implications of the slag dumps. Internationally, e.g. South Africa, India, Norway, Turkey, East Europe, China, Sweden and USA, ferrochrome slag is used commercially in the road and construction Industries. This material is being used for road construction, as aggregates in concrete industry, brick manufacturing, and in pavement construction as engineering fill and has recently been tried in cement. This paper presents an overview of the recent advances of the use of ferrochrome slag in various civil engineering applications such as road construction, and cement and concrete industries.

scholarly journals Use of Steel Slag as an Alternative to Aggregate and Filler in Road Pavements

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Giulio Dondi ◽  
Francesco Mazzotta ◽  
Claudio Lantieri ◽  
Federico Cuppi ◽  
Valeria Vignali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
New Production ◽  
Bituminous Mixtures ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Marshall Stability

Today the use of Construction and Demolition Materials (CDM) can be considered as a suitable solution for the construction or the rehabilitation of road pavements. In this context, it is central to minimizing waste production, favoring the reuse through new production cycles to replace virgin natural raw materials. As illustrated in this study, steel slag has mechanical properties that justify its use as aggregate in the manufacture of bituminous mixes. In road construction, their use is focused on the substitution of fine aggregate and filler in bituminous mixtures. Mechanical characterizations, Marshall stability and indirect tensile resilient modulus (ITSM) tests were used to evaluate the laboratory performance of the mixtures. The research aims are to provide the use of these materials for the construction of the entire road pavement structure; in this study authors used these materials both in the characterization of cementitious layers and in those with bituminous conglomerate. In both cases, the use of steel slag has favored an increase of stiffness in the mixtures.

Evaluation of the steel slag incorporation as coarse aggregate for road construction: technical requirements and environmental impact assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Ferreira ◽  
Aitana Sáez-De-Guinoa Vilaplana ◽  
Tatiana García-Armingol ◽  
Alfonso Aranda-Usón ◽  
Cristina Lausín-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Technical Requirements

scholarly journals Fire Behavior of RC Flat Slabs Containing Recycled Ceramic Aggregate

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Flat Slab ◽  
Ordinary Concrete ◽  
Flat Slabs

This study is to investigate experimentally fire resistance of flat slab manufactured using recycled crushed ceramics as coarse aggregate. From an economic point of view, this experiment is costly; however, if it managed and done correctly it can save raw materials, and conserve natural resources. The test is carried out on six slabs measuring 1.65*1.65*0.15m tested under flexural load exposed to fire under load for about 120 min. Two slabs were control without recycled ceramics aggregate, one slab with recycled ceramics aggregate with ratio of 35%, and three slabs with different ratios of 20%, 35% and 50% cast in layers such that the lower layer which was exposed to fire contains crushed ceramics, and the upper layer from ordinary concrete. This paper examines the feasibility of using ceramics wastes in concrete. The behavior of R.C flat slabs manufactured with recycled crushed ceramics was similar to that the normal concrete.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD SURFACE BASED ON LOCAL RAW MATERIALS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
M. M. Titov ◽  
◽  
K.A. Yerimbetov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Expansion Joints ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

A review of the literature on the use of thermal power plants (TPPs) in the production of asphalt concrete was conducted. The advantages and disadvantages of asphalt concrete coatings are analyzed. According to experts, the reason lies in the violation of construction technology. And, in principle, the topics of ensuring compliance with construction standards and legislative regulation are among the most relevant in the construction of roads in Kazakhstan.The features of the use of asphalt-resin-paraffin waste from oil fields and ash of the Kyzylorda thermal power plant as part of asphalt concrete in road construction are considered. The construction of the pavement with the use of asphalt concrete based on the composite binder system "Bitumen - asphalt concrete-tar-paraffin waste (ARPW) - TPP ash" has been developed. Due to the stratification of the concrete mixture, the cement milk will be separated from the coarse aggregate, so the upper layer, which experiences the main loads and impacts from the wheels of cars, turned out to be without the main coarse aggregate. This subsequently led to its rapid wear and the formation of a rut. Cement concrete coating with all the positive aspects described below and obvious, and here, too, there are disadvantages of these types of coating, it is not the inability to open traffic immediately after the completion of construction and the need for expansion joints. The author reveals not only the advantages of asphalt concrete coatings, but also the disadvantage of asphalt mixtures in practical use in highways.

Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽  
Stefania Stoleriu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

scholarly journals Location of Biorefineries Based on Olive-Derived Biomass in Andalusia, Spain

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3052
Author(s):  
Diego Cardoza ◽  
Inmaculada Romero ◽  
Teresa Martínez ◽  
Encarnación Ruiz ◽  
Francisco J. Gallego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstock ◽  
Olive Stones

A biorefinery integrated process based on lignocellulosic feedstock is especially interesting in rural areas with a high density of agricultural and agro-industrial wastes, which is the case for olive crop areas and their associated industries. In the region of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, the provinces of Jaén, Córdoba and Seville accumulate more than 70% of the olive wastes generated in Spain. Therefore, the valorisation of these wastes is a matter of interest from both an environmental and a social point of view. The olive biorefinery involves a multi-product process from different raw materials: olive leaves, exhausted olive pomace, olive stones and olive tree pruning residues. Biorefinery processes associated with these wastes would allow their valorisation to produce bioenergy and high value-added renewable products. In this work, using geographic information system tools, the biomass from olive crop fields, mills and olive pomace-extracting industries, where these wastes are generated, was determined and quantified in the study area. In addition, the vulnerability of the territory was evaluated through an environmental and territorial analysis that allowed for the determination of the reception capacity of the study area. Then, information layers corresponding to the availability of the four biomass wastes, and layers corresponding to the environmental fragility of the study area were overlapped and they resulted in an overall map. This made it possible to identify the best areas for the implementation of the biorefineries based on olive-derived biomass. Finally, as an example, three zones were selected for this purpose. These locations corresponded to low fragility areas with a high availability of biomass (more than 300,000 tons/year) in a 30 km radius, which would ensure the biomass supply.

scholarly journals Component Modification of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag with C4AF as Target Mineral and Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6536
Author(s):  
Yanrong Zhao ◽  
Pengliang Sun ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Xiaomin Guan ◽  
Yuanhao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Basic Oxygen Furnace ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
Basic Oxygen ◽  
Bof Slag ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Slag Component ◽  
Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag

In this paper, a new method of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag component modification with a regulator was studied. The main mineral was designed as C4AF, C2S and C3S in modified BOF slag, and the batching method, mineral compositions, hydration rate, activation index and capability of resisting sulfate corrode also were studied. XRD, BEI and EDS were used to characterize the mineral formation, and SEM was used to study the morphology of hydration products. The results show that most inert phase in BOF slag can be converted into active minerals of C4AF and C2S through reasonable batching calculation and the amount of regulating agent. The formation of C4AF and C2S in modified BOF slag is better, and a small amount of MgO is embedded in the white intermediate phase, but C3S is not detected. With the increase in the CaO/SiO2 ratio in raw materials, the CaO/SiO2 ratio of calcium silicate minerals in modified BOF slag increases, the contents of f-CaO are less than 1.0%, and the activity index improves. Compared with the BOF slag, the activity index and exothermic rate of modified BOF slag improved obviously, and the activity index of 90 days is close to 100%. With the increase in modified BOF slag B cement, the flexural strength decrease; however, the capability of resisting sulfate corrode is improved due to the constant formation of a short rod-like shape ettringite in Na2SO4 solution and the improvement of the structure densification of the hydration products.

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