scholarly journals Volcanic Ash as a Sustainable Binder Material: An Extensive Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Andrés Játiva ◽  
Evelyn Ruales ◽  
Miren Etxeberria
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Alkali Activated

The construction industry is affected by the constant growth in the populations of urban areas. The demand for cement production has an increasing environmental impact, and there are urgent demands for alternative sustainable solutions. Volcanic ash (VA) is an abundant low-cost material that, because of its chemical composition and amorphous atomic structure, has been considered as a suitable material to replace Portland cement clinker for use as a binder in cement production. In the last decade, there has been interest in using alkali-activated VA material as an alternative material to replace ordinary Portland cement. In this way, a valuable product may be derived from a currently under-utilized material. Additionally, alkali-activated VA-based materials may be suitable for building applications because of their good densification behaviour, mechanical properties and low porosity. This article describes the most relevant findings from researchers around the world on the role of the chemical composition and mineral contents of VA on reactivity during the alkali-activation reaction; the effect of synthesis factors, which include the concentration of the alkaline activator, the solution-to-binder ratio and the curing conditions, on the properties of alkali-activated VA-based materials; and the mechanical performance and durability properties of these materials.

scholarly journals Live-Scale Testing of Granular Materials Stabilized with Alkali-Activated Waste Glass and Carbide Lime

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11286
Author(s):  
Marina Paula Secco ◽  
Débora Thaís Mesavilla ◽  
Márcio Felipe Floss ◽  
Nilo Cesar Consoli ◽  
Tiago Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Alkali Activated

The increasingly strong search for alternative materials to Portland cement has resulted in the development of alkali-activated cements (AAC) that are very effective at using industrial by-products as raw materials, which also contributes to the volume reduction in landfilled waste. Several studies targeting the development of AAC—based on wastes containing silicon and calcium—for chemical stabilization of soils have demonstrated their excellent performance in terms of durability and mechanical performance. However, most of these studies are confined to a laboratory characterization, ignoring the influence and viability of the in situ construction process and, also important, of the in situ curing conditions. The present work investigated the field application of an AAC based on carbide lime and glass wastes to stabilize fine sand acting as a superficial foundation. The assessment was supported on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and initial shear modulus (G0) of the developed material, and the field results were compared with those prepared in the laboratory, up to 120 days curing. In situ tests were also developed on the field layers (with diameters of 450 and 900 mm and thickness of 300 mm) after different curing times. To establish a reference, the mentioned precursors were either activated with a sodium hydroxide solution or hydrated with water (given the reactivity of the lime). The results showed that the AAC-based mixtures developed greater strength and stiffness at a faster rate than the water-based mixtures. Specimens cured under controlled laboratory conditions showed better results than the samples collected in the field. The inclusion of the stabilized layers clearly increased the load-bearing capacity of the natural soil, while the different diameters produced different failure mechanisms, similar to those found in Portland cement stabilization.

scholarly journals Alkali-Activated Hybrid Cements Based on Fly Ash and Construction and Demolition Wastes Using Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Carbonate

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7572
Author(s):  
William Valencia-Saavedra ◽  
Rafael Robayo-Salazar ◽  
Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Construction And Demolition Wastes ◽  
Alkali Activated

This article demonstrates the possibility of producing alkali-activated hybrid cements based on fly ash (FA), and construction and demolition wastes (concrete waste, COW; ceramic waste, CEW; and masonry waste, MAW) using sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) (2–6%) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (5–10%) as activators. From a mixture of COW, CEW, and MAW in equal proportions (33.33%), a new precursor called CDW was generated. The precursors were mixed with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (10–30%). Curing of the materials was performed at room temperature (25 °C). The hybrid cements activated with Na2SO4 reached compressive strengths of up to 31 MPa at 28 days of curing, and the hybrid cements activated with Na2CO3 yielded compressive strengths of up to 22 MPa. Based on their mechanical performance, the optimal mixtures were selected: FA/30OPC-4%Na2SO4, CDW/30OPC-4%Na2SO4, FA/30OPC-10%Na2CO3, and CDW/30OPC-10%Na2CO3. At prolonged ages (180 days), these mixtures reached compressive strength values similar to those reported for pastes based on 100% OPC. A notable advantage is the reduction of the heat of the reaction, which can be reduced by up to 10 times relative to that reported for the hydration of Portland cement. These results show the feasibility of manufacturing alkaline-activated hybrid cements using alternative activators with a lower environmental impact.

scholarly journals Low-Carbon Concrete Based on Binary Biomass Ash–Silica Fume Binder to Produce Eco-Friendly Paving Blocks

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Henrique Campos Teixeira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Soares Junior ◽  
Thiago Henrique Silva ◽  
Richard Rodrigues Barreto ◽  
Augusto Cesar da Silva Bezerra
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Silica Fume ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
Microstructural Investigation ◽  
Alkali Activated

The civil construction industry consumes huge amounts of raw materials and energy, especially infrastructure. Thus, the use of eco-friendly materials is indispensable to promote sustainable development. In this context, the present work investigated low-carbon concrete to produce eco-friendly paving blocks. The binder was defined according to two approaches. In the first, a binary binder developed with eucalyptus biomass ash (EBA) and silica fume (SF) was used, in total replacement for Portland cement. In the second, the mixture of residues was used as a precursor in alkali-activation reactions, forming alkali-activated binder. The experimental approach was carried out using five different mixtures, obtained by varying the amount of water or sodium hydroxide solution. The characterization of this new material was carried out using compressive strength, expandability, water absorption, deep abrasion, microstructural investigation, and organic matter degradation potential. The results showed that the EBA-SF system has a performance compatible with Portland cement when used as an alternative binder, in addition to functioning as a precursor to alkali-activated concrete. The blocks produced degraded organic matter, and this degradation is more intense with the incidence of UV. In this way, the EBA-SF binder can be successfully used for the manufacture of ecological paving blocks with low carbon emissions.

scholarly journals Utilization of Iron Ore Tailings as Raw Material for Portland Cement Clinker Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Luo ◽  
Yimin Zhang ◽  
Shenxu Bao ◽  
Tiejun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Iron Ore Tailings ◽  
Portland Cement Clinker ◽  
Clinker Production

The cement industry has for some time been seeking alternative raw material for the Portland cement clinker production. The aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of utilizing iron ore tailings (IOT) to replace clay as alumina-silicate raw material for the production of Portland cement clinker. For this purpose, two kinds of clinkers were prepared: one was prepared by IOT; the other was prepared by clay as a reference. The reactivity and burnability of raw meal, mineralogical composition and physical properties of clinker, and hydration characteristic of cement were studied by burnability analysis, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and hydration analysis. The results showed that the raw meal containing IOT had higher reactivity and burnability than the raw meal containing clay, and the use of IOT did not affect the formation of characteristic mineralogical phases of Portland cement clinker. Furthermore, the physical and mechanical performance of two cement clinkers were similar. In addition, the use of IOT was found to improve the grindability of clinker and lower the hydration heat of Portland cement. These findings suggest that IOT can replace the clay as alumina-silicate raw material for the preparation of Portland cement clinker.

Alkali Activated Binders Based on Metakaolin

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Laura Sele ◽  
Diana Bajare ◽  
Girts Bumanis ◽  
Laura Dembovska
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sodium Silicate Solution ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Lead Silicate ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Alkali Activated Binders ◽  
Alkali Activated

<p>According to research conducted in last 25 years, alkali activated binders have been considered as one of the most progressive alternative binders, which can effectively replace Portland cement. Production of alkali activated binders differs from the Portland cement production and is associated with lower CO2 emissions. The use of recycled industrial by-products and wastes is also possible, what corresponds to the future guidelines and principles of sustainable binder production in the world.<br />The aim of this study was to create innovative alkali activated binders by using secondary raw materials, which will be different from the ones described in the scientific literature – alkali activated binders with porous structure. Raw materials used for the binders were metakaolin containing waste, waste from aluminium scrap recycling factory and recycled lead-silicate glass; solid contents were activated with modified sodium silicate solution with an addition of sodium hydroxide.<br />The physical properties of alkali activated binders, such as density, water absorption, open and total porosity, were determined and flexural and compressive strength of hardened alkali-activated binders were tested at the age of 28 days. Durability was examined by sulphate resistance test, which was performed according to SIA 262/1, appendix D: applicability and relevance for use in practice. 40x40x160 mm prismatic specimens were used for expansion measurement and determination of compressive strength. <br />The open porosity of obtained materials was up to 45%, density from 380 to 1720 kg/m3, compressive strength up to 29,8 MPa, water absorption 6 – 114 wt.%. After analysing the results from the sulphate test it was concluded that glass additive reduced the alkali activated binder resistance to sulphate attack.</p>

Greenhouse Effect Reduction through Sustainable Magnesium Oxide Eco-Cement Products

2016 ◽  
Vol 680 ◽  
pp. 472-476
Author(s):  
Wu Yao ◽  
Yu Kun Yang ◽  
Meng Xue Wu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Safe Limits

Portland cement production leads to significant carbon dioxide emission and greenhouse effect. Magnesium oxide eco-cement, which is a mixture of Portland cement, magnesium oxide and fly ash, may be an alternative production. In this paper, the issue is focused on the carbon dioxide absorption ability and mechanical performance of this eco-cement. Several mix proportions of eco-cement were designed to conduct forced carbonation, strength and expansion tests. Also, microstructure analysis after carbonation was conducted. The results indicate that magnesium oxide eco-cement can efficiently absorb carbon dioxide and carbonation can improve mechanical performance substantially, also expansion of the eco-cement is found to fall within the safe limits and possesses good stability and soundness.

scholarly journals Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Živica ◽  
Martin T. Palou ◽  
Martin Križma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Geopolymer Cements

Abstract Concrete is the world's most versatile, durable and reliable construction material. Next to water, concrete is the second most used substance on earth and it requires large quantities of Portland cement. The industrial sector is the third largest source of man-made carbon dioxide emissions after the transportation sector as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production produces the largest amount of carbon dioxide amongst all industrial processes. In addition to that a large amount of energy is also consumed for the cement production. The production of OPC not only consumes a huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossil fuels but also produces almost 0.9 t of CO2 for 1t of cement clinker production. Thus, the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons of manmade greenhouse gas annually. Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most resource and energy consuming Portland cement. Geopolymer cements are innovative binders which can be produced by the chemical action of aluminosilicate materials plenty available worldwide. They are rich in silica and alumina reacting with alkaline solution and producing aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. Geopolymers are synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. The paper presents data on the important engineering properties of geopolymer cements showing that these cements offer an alternative to, and potential replacement for, OPC. Geopolymer technology also has the potential to reduce global greenhouse emissions caused by OPC production. Due to the high level of mechanical properties of geopolymer cements and their environmentally beneficial technology they appear as a prospective construction material for the future.

Preliminary Studies on the use of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) in the Manufacture of Alkali Activated Binders

2014 ◽  
Vol 600 ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius N. Castaldelli ◽  
Mauro M. Tashima ◽  
José Luiz P. Melges ◽  
Jorge L. Akasaki ◽  
J.M. Monzó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
Mineral Admixtures ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash ◽  
Alkali Activated Binders ◽  
Mechanical Strengths ◽  
Alkali Activated

Alkali activated binders require the addition of a mineral-rich amorphous silica and alumina. This paper proposes the use of a mineral residue from the burning of sugar cane bagasse. The alkali activated mixtures were prepared containing binary mixtures of sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) and other mineral admixtures: fly ash (FA) or blast furnace slag (BFS). As alkaline activators, mixtures of alkali (Na+ or K+) hydroxide and alkali (Na+ or K+) silicate were used. Alkali-activated pastes and mortars containing binary systems SCBA/FA or SCBA/BFS were prepared and cured at 65 oC. Microstructural properties of these alternative binders were assessed by means of TGA, SEM, XRD and pH measurements. Mechanical strength of mortars was performed after 3 and 7 days at 65 oC. Compressive mechanical strengths of these mortars were in the range 30-55 MPa, showing the good mechanical performance achieved by the alkali activation. Microstructural studies suggested the development of stable matrices and the formation of typical gel.

scholarly journals Low-Grade Clay as an Alkali-Activated Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1648
Author(s):  
Muhammad M. Rahman ◽  
David W. Law ◽  
Indubhushan Patnaikuni ◽  
Chamila Gunasekara ◽  
Morteza Tahmasebi Yamchelou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Concrete Masonry ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
The World ◽  
Optimal Strength ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
Alkali Activated

The potential application of alkali-activated material (AAM) as an alternative binder in concrete to reduce the environmental impact of cement production has now been established. However, as the production and availability of the primarily utilized waste materials, such as fly Ash and blast furnace slag, decrease, it is necessary to identify alternative materials. One such material is clay, which contains aluminosilicates and is abundantly available across the world. However, the reactivity of untreated low-grade clay can be low. Calcination can be used to activate clay, but this can consume significant energy. To address this issue, this paper reports the investigation of two calcination methodologies, utilizing low-temperature and high-temperature regimes of different durations, namely 24 h heating at 120 °C and 5 h at 750 °C and, and the results are compared with those of the mechanical performance of the AAM produced with untreated low-grade clay. The investigation used two alkali dosages, 10% and 15%, with an alkali modulus varying from 1.0 to 1.75. An increase in strength was observed with calcination of the clay at both 120 and 750 °C compared to untreated clay. Specimens with a dosage of 10% showed enhanced performance compared to those with 15%, with Alkali Modulus (AM) of 1.0 giving the optimal strength at 28 days for both dosages. The strengths achieved were in the range 10 to 20 MPa, suitable for use as concrete masonry brick. The conversion of Al (IV) is identified as the primary factor for the observed increase in strength.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document