scholarly journals Multi-Dimensional Mathematical Wear Models of Vibration Generated by Rolling Ball Bearings Made of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5440
Author(s):  
Paweł Zmarzły
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Total Curvature ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Radial Clearance ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Rolling Ball ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel ◽  
The Impact

The paper features the development of multi-dimensional mathematical models used for evaluating the impact of selected factors on the vibration generated by 6304ZZ type rolling ball bearings from three manufacturers in the aspect of the wear process. The bearings were manufactured of AISI 52100 bearing steel. The analyzed factors included the inner and outer raceways’ roundness and waviness deviations, radial clearance and the total curvature ratio. The models were developed for vibration recorded in three frequency ranges: 50–300 Hz, 300–1800 Hz and 1800–10,000 Hz. The paper includes a specification of the principles of operation of innovative measuring systems intended for testing bearing vibration, raceway geometries and radial clearance. Furthermore, it features a specification of particular stages of the multi-dimensional mathematical models’ development and verification. Testing with the purpose of statistical evaluation of the analyzed factors is also presented. The test results and mathematical models indicate that the inner raceway’s waviness deviation had a dominant impact on the vibration examined in all frequencies. The roundness and waviness deviation of bearing raceways made of AISI 52100 steel propagates the bearing wear process.

scholarly journals Machining force comparison for surface defect hard turning and conventional hard turning of AISI 52100 steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
P. U MAMAHESWARRAO ◽  
D. RANGARAJU ◽  
K. N. S. SUMAN ◽  
B. RAVISANKAR
Keyword(s):  
Hard Turning ◽  
Surface Defect ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Nose Radius ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Machining Force ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel ◽  
The Impact

In this article, a recently developed method called surface defect machining (SDM) for hard turning has been adopted and termed surface defect hard turning (SDHT). The main purpose of the present study was to explore the impact of cutting parameters like cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, and tool geometry parameters such as nose radius and negative rake angle of the machining force during surface defect hard turning (SDHT) of AISI 52100 steel in dry condition with Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tool; and results were compared with conventional hard turning (CHT). Experimentation is devised and executed as per Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results reported that an average machining force was decreased by 22% for surface defect hard turning (SDHT) compared to conventional hard turning (CHT).

scholarly journals Mathematical model of the impact assessment of roughness and waviness deviations of races surfaces of rolling bearings on the level of generated vibration

Mechanik ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
Paweł Zmarzły
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Vibration Level ◽  
Rolling Bearings ◽  
Shape Deviations ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dominant Influence

The article presents mathematical models allowing to describe the level of vibration generated by ball bearings 6304-2z type depending on the value of roughness and waviness deviations of inner and outer bearings races. This models will allow to estimate what type of shape deviations have dominant influence on the vibration level generated in specific frequency ranges.

Effect of Differential Hardness on Static Load Capacity of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Shareef ◽  
Joshua A. Brandes ◽  
Erwin V. Zaretsky
Keyword(s):  
Static Load ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Rolling Element ◽  
Steel Heat

Abstract Static Load Capacity as defined by Palmgren is the load (stress) applied to a bearing that results in an indentation greater than 0.0001 times the diameter of the rolling element. The effect of hardness on the Static Load Capacity of AISI 52100 bearing steel heat treated to six different hardnesses was investigated. Indentation, depth, diameter, volume, and surface area were measured by the white light interferometer. A total of 468 hardness ball–plate combination tests were conducted. For a given plate (race) hardness, the Static Load Capacity was dependent on plate (race) hardness and independent of mating ball hardness from Rockwell C 56 to 66. For plate (race) hardness between Rockwell C 56 and 60, the Static Load Capacity was relatively constant. At Rockwell C hardness between 60 and 61, the Static Load Capacity increased and then rapidly decreased at a plate hardness of Rockwell C 66, below that value obtained at Rockwell C 56. Experimental results obtained for Static Load Capacity using the Palmgren criteria correlated with the finite element analysis for ball-on-plate indentation but not with Hertz theory. The Static Load Capacity based on Yhland for ball bearings was equal to a maximum Hertz stress of 3.71 GPa (538 ksi) at a ball-race conformity of 52%. This value is 12% lower than that specified in the ISO and ANSI/ABMA Bearing Standards. The manufacturers’ Static Load Rating can be reduced from 4% to 7% for ball bearings and from 8% to 25% for roller bearings.

Recycling of Steel AISI 52100 Gotten by the Route of Powder Metallurgy

2014 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
Wellington S. Diogo ◽  
Dalton G.B. de Souza ◽  
Rayana F. Rodrigues Lourenço ◽  
M.L.M. Noronha Melo ◽  
Kátia R. Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Melting Furnace ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electric Melting ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel

The AISI 52100 steel is a material widely used in the industry due to its high fatigue resistance, dimensional stability, high hardness and wear resistance. This steel is used for production of ball bearings, stamping tools, etc. In case of production of ball bearings and its track this material is spherodized because, due to its high content of carbon, about 1%, it has high mechanical strength making it impossible to cold forming. To obtain a wear resistant surface, after forming, this material is hardened and tempered. Normally to obtain the AISI 52100 steel, arc electric melting furnace is used. This work aims the reuse of AISI 52100 steel by powder metallurgy route, starting from the machined chips using high energy mill (planetary) to obtain the powder. Then, the powder was uniaxially pressed into a press with a load of 4 tons, to form the specimen, later on pressed in an isostatic press at a pressure of 300MPa to obtain a better densification. To analyze the powder morphology and the phases obtained after sintering, was used a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction to calculate the crystallite size. It was verified that with more than 10 hours of grinding, the crystallite size does not change significantly, the particles gained rounded shapes with a size distribution between 30 and 5μm. The microstructure obtained by the two routes was nearly identical after sintering.

scholarly journals Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel after Robot-Based Machine Hammer Peening

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Robby Mannens ◽  
Lars Uhlmann ◽  
Felix Lambers ◽  
Andreas Feuerhack ◽  
Thomas Bergs
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Machine Hammer Peening ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel ◽  
Hardness Increase ◽  
Hammer Peening

AISI 52100 steel is often used as material for highly loaded rolling bearings in machine tools. An improved surface integrity, which can be achieved by means of mechanical surface layer finishing, can avoid premature failure. One of these finishing processes is machine hammer peening (MHP) which is a high-frequency incremental forming process and mostly used on machining centers. However, the influence of robot-guided MHP processing on the surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel is still unknown. Therefore, the objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the robot-based influences during MHP processing and the resulting surface integrity of unhardened AISI 52100 steel. The results show that the axial and lateral deviations of the robot due to process vibrations are in the lower µm range, thus enabling stable and reproducible MHP processing. By selecting suitable MHP process parameters and thus defined contact energies, even ground surfaces can be further smoothed and a hardness increase of 75% in the energy range considered can be achieved. In addition, compressive residual stress maxima of 950 MPa below the surface and a grain size reduction to a surface layer depth of 150 µm can be realized.

scholarly journals Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Steel during Hard Turning in Different Near-Dry Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ajay Chavan ◽  
Vikas Sargade
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Hard Turning ◽  
Vortex Tube ◽  
White Layer ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Hybrid Nanofluid ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel ◽  
Cooling And Lubrication

AISI 52100 hardened bearing steel is popular in many industrial applications due to its excellent wear resistance and high strength. Therefore, a high level of surface integrity of the same is the utmost important requirement to enhance fatigue life. Machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel is difficult because severe plastic deformation and generation of high temperature alter the surface metallurgy of the machined component and hamper the tool life. The present investigation includes a comparative analysis of surface integrity of AISI 52100 bearing steel during hard turning under different near-dry environments, namely, dry, Minimum Quantity Cooling and Lubrication (MQCL), Compressed Chilled Air by Vortex Tube (CCAVT), and Hybrid Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Cooling and Lubrication (Hybrid NF-MQCL). Soyabean (a vegetable) oil is used as cutting fluid in MQCL and base fluid in Hybrid NF-MQCL environments. To prepare hybrid nanofluid, two different nanoparticles Al2O3 and MWCNT, are used. The chilled air is generated through a vortex tube. The surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel was studied in terms of microhardness, the thickness of the white layer, surface roughness (Ra), and residual stresses. Higher cutting speed and feed show positive and negative correlation on surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel, respectively. Hybrid nanofluid MQCL exhibits the lowest surface roughness (0.34 μm), microhardness (625 Hv0.1), compressive residual stresses (−168 MPa), and thin white layer (0.9 μm) in contrast, and dry machining shows higher surface roughness, microhardness, tensile residual stress, and thick white layer. In comparison, MQCL and CCAVT are found to be intermediate. It is found that hybrid nanofluid MQCL enhances the overall performance of the machined surface as compared to other near-dry techniques.

A New Dynamic Model of Ball-Bearing Rotor Systems Based on Rigid Body Element

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongrui Cao ◽  
Yamin Li ◽  
Xuefeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Ball Bearing ◽  
Rotor System ◽  
Radial Clearance ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Rolling Ball ◽  
Rotor Systems ◽  
Body Element

Ball-bearing rotor systems are key components of rotating machinery. In this work, a new dynamic modeling method for ball-bearing rotor systems is proposed based on rigid body element (RBE). First, the concept of RBE is given, and then the rotor is divided into several discrete RBEs. Every two adjacent RBEs are connected by imaginary springs, whose stiffness is calculated according to properties of the RBEs. Second, all the parts of rolling ball bearings (i.e., outer ring, inner ring, ball, and cage) are considered as RBEs, and Gupta's model is employed to model bearings which include radial clearance, waviness, pedestal effect, etc. Finally, the rotor and all the rolling ball bearings are coupled to develop a dynamic model of the ball-bearing rotor system. The vibration responses of the ball-bearing rotor system can be calculated by solving dynamic equations of each RBE. The proposed method is verified with both simulation and experiment. The RBE model of the rotor is compared with its finite element (FE) model first, and numerical simulation shows the validity of the RBE model. Then, experiments are conducted on a rotor test rig which is supported with two rolling ball bearings as well. Good agreements between measurement and simulation show the ability of the model to predict the dynamic behavior of ball-bearing rotor systems.

Parametric Investigations on Surface Roughness of Hard Turned AISI 52100 Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 867 ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ravi Sankar ◽  
P. Umamaheswarrao ◽  
Shaik Nawaz Sharief ◽  
T. Suresh ◽  
Rayudu Raju
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Hard Turning ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Nose Radius ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel ◽  
Main Effects

The present work is aimed to investigate the effect of the turning parameters on the surface roughness produced during hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel with PCBN cutting tools. The experiments are devised using Taguchi L27 orthogonal array and analysis is carried out using MINITAB 14 software. The influence of individual parameters is discussed with main effects plot and the combined parametric effect is presented with interaction effects plot. From the results it is observed that speed and nose radius has a great influence on surface roughness. The interaction effect is significant for speed and feed combination.

The Effect of Material Variables on the Fatigue Life of AISI 52100 Steel Ball Bearings

1962 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Morrison ◽  
T. Tallian ◽  
H. O. Walp ◽  
G. H. Baile
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Steel Ball ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel
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