scholarly journals Plasticity and Formability of Annealed, Commercially-Pure Aluminum: Experiments and Modeling

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4285
Author(s):  
Jinjin Ha ◽  
Johnathon Fones ◽  
Brad L. Kinsey ◽  
Yannis P. Korkolis
Keyword(s):  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Isotropic Hardening ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Strain Paths

The plasticity and formability of a commercially-pure aluminum sheet (AA1100-O) is assessed by experiments and analyses. Plastic anisotropy of this material is characterized by uniaxial and plane-strain tension along with disk compression experiments, and is found to be non-negligible (e.g., the r-values vary between 0.445 and 1.18). On the other hand, the strain-rate sensitivity of the material is negligible at quasistatic rates. These results are used to calibrate constitutive models, i.e., the Yld2000-2d anisotropic yield criterion as the plastic potential and the Voce isotropic hardening law. Marciniak-type experiments on a fully-instrumented hydraulic press are performed to determine the Forming Limit Curve of this material. Stereo-type Digital Image Correlation is used, which confirms the proportional strain paths induced during stretching. From these experiments, limit strains, i.e., the onset of necking, are determined by the method proposed by ISO, as well as two methods based on the second derivative. To identify the exact instant of necking, a criterion based on a statistical analysis of the noise that the strain signals have during uniform deformation versus the systematic deviations that necking induces is proposed. Finite element simulation for the Marciniak-type experiment is conducted and the results show good agreement with the experiment.

Assessment of Deep-Drawability of Mild Steel Sheets in Consideration of r-Value Change During Processing

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kawai ◽  
N. Hayashi ◽  
S. Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Drawing Ratio ◽  
Deep Drawability ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Aluminum Sheets ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Strain Paths ◽  
R Value

In the previous study, it was found that the plastic anisotropy of commercially pure aluminum sheets changed during the deep-drawing process, and that this change influenced markedly the deep-drawability. In the present study we discuss the deep-drawability of mild steel sheets with a crystal structure different from aluminum. The following have been confirmed: (1) The limiting drawing ratio correlates positively and nonlinearly with average r value (r¯ value). (2) Fracture strength correlates positively with r¯ value as in the theory, but the relation between them is nonlinear. Maximum drawing load remains almost constant irrespective of r¯ value against the theory. These relations can be connected with the result of (1). (3) The relations in (2) can be explained by the r¯ value measured from sheets prestrained in equibiaxial tension and pure shear, which resemble the strain paths of fracture site at punch profile and flange, respectively. (4) The results of (2) and (3) are quite different from those of commercially pure aluminum sheets.

Effect of the Constitutive Law on the Accuracy of Prediction of the Forming Limit Curves

2012 ◽  
Vol 504-506 ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Paraianu ◽  
Dan Sorin Comsa ◽  
Ioan Pavel Nicodim ◽  
Ioan Ciobanu ◽  
Dorel Banabic
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutive Law ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
Forming Limit Curves

The accuracy of the forming limit curves predicted by the Marciniak-Kuczynski model depends on the type and flexibility of the constitutive equations used to describe the mechanical response of the sheet metal. From this point of view, the yield criterion has the most significant influence. The paper presents a comparative analysis referring to the quality of the forming limit curves predicted by the Marciniak-Kuczynski model for the case when the plastic anisotropy of a DC04 sheet metal is described by the BBC2005 yield criterion. The coefficients included in the expression of the BBC2005 equivalent stress are evaluated using different identification strategies (with 4, 6, 7, and 8 mechanical parameters). The forming limit curves predicted by the Marciniak-Kuczynski model in each of the cases previously mentioned are compared with experimental data.

Effects of Punch Cross-Section on Deep-Drawability of Square Shell of Aluminum Sheet

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kawai ◽  
T. Mori ◽  
H. Hayashi ◽  
F. Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Aluminum Sheet ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Planar Anisotropy ◽  
Deep Drawability ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Relief Effect

Effects of product shape and a planar-anisotropy on a square shell drawability were studied, using commercially pure aluminum sheet. Two phenomena were mainly considered to affect a forming limit: (a) the prevention of crack initiation at the corner of a punch by adjacent straight punch profile regions, (b) the metal flow in the flange region from the corner to the straight side, the “Strain Relief Effect,” which serves to decrease the deformation at the corner.

Application of Barlat Yld-96 Yield Criterion for Predicting Formability of Pre-Strained Dual Phase Steel Sheets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamik Basak ◽  
Sushanta Kumar Panda
Keyword(s):  
Dual Phase Steel ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Forming Limit Diagram ◽  
Plasticity Theory ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Strain Paths ◽  
Anisotropy Coefficients

The selection of advanced material model considering the anisotropy mechanical properties of the thin sheet is vital in order to estimate stress based forming limit diagram (σ-FLD). In present study associative plasticity theory was applied indulging Barlat Yld-96 anisotropy yield function and the Swift hardening law was implemented for estimating the limiting stresses from the conventional strain FLD (ε-FLD) of an automotive grade dual phase steel DP600. Three different approaches were made to evaluate Yld-96 anisotropy coefficients using experimental results of stack compression and tensile tests. To impose complex strain path, two stage stretch forming processes were simulated in finite element solver LS-DYNA. After biaxial pre-straining, the sample geometries were varied to achieve different strain paths during the second stage of deformation. The results indicated that there was negligible difference in limiting stress estimated by Yld-96 plasticity theory when the anisotropy coefficients were calculated based on plastic strain at ultimate tensile strength compare to that by minimum plastic work method. It was concluded that the dynamic shift of ε-FLD could be restricted by σ-FLD estimated using Yld 96 plasticity theory, and hence it was proposed to be a suitable damage model to evaluate formability of pre-strained DP600 steels.

A nonlinear simulation of a bi-failure specimen through improved discretisation methods: A validation study

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 616-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad V Farahani ◽  
Jorge Belinha ◽  
Paulo J Tavares ◽  
Pedro MGP Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Isotropic Hardening ◽  
Flow Rule ◽  
Nonlinear Simulation

A robust and efficient scheme is rendered to elastoplastically study the material nonlinearity of structural components. In this investigation, a specimen manufactured from the aluminium alloy AA6061-T6 is considered. It is mechanically loaded under a uniaxial tensile state and the experimental strain datum is analysed by three-dimensional digital image correlation. Due to specific specimen geometry, complex stress states will occur. However, the specimen yields due to an approximated uniaxial stress state. The obtained remote stress/strain from experimental data is used to validate the computational solutions using advanced discretisation approaches. Therefore, as a preliminary numerical study, the model is simulated through the finite element method formulation. Afterwards, another numerical strategy is adopted – the radial point interpolation method. The Newton–Raphson initial stiffness method is thereby adapted to complete the nonlinear solutions algorithm. Furthermore, the elastoplastic demeanour of aluminium alloys is determined with the von Mises yield criterion, an isotropic hardening rule and an associative flow rule. Obtained computational results fit the experimental digital image correlation solution, which allow to conclude that the proposed meshless methodology is efficient and reliable.

Constitutive Modelling of Anisotropy, Hardening and Failure of Sheet Metals

2011 ◽  
Vol 473 ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivaylo N. Vladimirov ◽  
Yalin Kiliclar ◽  
Vivian Tini ◽  
Stefanie Reese
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Hardening ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Forming Limit Diagram ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Constitutive Modelling ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Isotropic Hardening ◽  
Continuum Damage ◽  
Aluminium Sheets ◽  
Good Agreement

The paper discusses the application of a newly developed coupled material model of finite anisotropic multiplicative plasticity and continuum damage to the numerical prediction of the forming limit diagram at fracture (FLDF). The model incorporates Hill-type plastic anisotropy, nonlinear Armstrong-Frederick kinematic hardening and nonlinear isotropic hardening. The numerical examples investigate the simulation of forming limit diagrams at fracture by means of the so-called Nakajima stretching test. Comparisons with test data for aluminium sheets display a good agreement between the finite element results and the experimental data.

scholarly journals Hole-Expansion: Sensitivity of Failure Prediction on Plastic Anisotropy Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Jinjin Ha ◽  
Yannis P. Korkolis
Keyword(s):  
Stress State ◽  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Biaxial Tension ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Yield Function ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Hole Expansion ◽  
Plane Strain Tension

The influence of yield function parameters on hole-expansion (HE) predictions are investigated for an anisotropic AA6022-T4 aluminum sheet. The HE experiment is performed in a fully-instrumented double-action hydraulic press with a flat-headed punch. Full strain fields are measured by a stereo-type digital image correlation (DIC) system. The stress state gradually changes from uniaxial to plane-strain tension to biaxial tension in the radial direction. Besides HE, the plastic anisotropy of AA6022-T4 is characterized by uniaxial tension and plane-strain tension experiments. Uniaxial tension is considered as the most important, since it is the stress state along the hoop direction in the hole. For the finite element (FE) simulation, the Yld2000-2d non-quadratic anisotropic yield function is used with two different parameter sets, calibrated by: (1) uniaxial tension only (termed Calib1) and, (2) both uniaxial and plane-strain tension (Calib2). The strain field predictions show a good agreement with the experiments only for Calib2, which takes into account plane-strain as well uniaxial tension. This indicates the importance of biaxial modes, and in particular plane-strain tension, for the adopted yield function to produce accurate HE simulations.

scholarly journals Influence of the Processing of Magnesium Alloys AZ31 and ZE10 on the Sheet Formability at Elevated Temperature

2011 ◽  
Vol 473 ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Stutz ◽  
Jan Bohlen ◽  
Gerrit Kurz ◽  
Dietmar Letzig ◽  
Karl Ulrich Kainer
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Rolled Sheet ◽  
Strain Paths ◽  
Twin Roll Cast ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Twin Roll

The substitution of conventional materials such as aluminium alloys and steels with the lightest structural metal magnesium and its alloys can yield significant weight saving in the transportation industry and hence, reduce vehicle weight and greenhouse gas emissions. Producing magnesium sheets by conventional hot rolling is expensive due to the large number of rolling passes to final gauge and annealing steps at elevated temperatures between the rolling passes. Twin roll casting is a well established processing route for aluminium sheets which can reduce the necessary rolling passes to a bare minimum to reduce the production costs. This process is receiving increasing attention for the production of magnesium sheets. This study reveals first hand results of sheet metal forming experiments on magnesium sheets rolled from twin roll cast strip as well as conventional DC cast slabs. Two different alloys, AZ31 (Mg-3Al-1Zn-Mn) and rare earth element containing ZE10 (Mg-1Zn-RE) were investigated. It is known that these alloys show significant differences in the microstructure development during conventional rolling as a result of recrystallisation. For hot rolled AZ31, distinct textures are formed with the majority of basal planes oriented in the sheet plane and hence, unfavourably for basal slip. Conventionally rolled ZE10 commonly shows a much weaker texture. Forming limit diagrams are presented and discussed with respect to the initial texture of the sheets. Strain response to various strain paths and plastic anisotropy are evaluated. Results of twin roll cast sheets are compared with conventionally hot rolled sheet of the same alloys. Competitive formability can be achieved at 200°C for all tested sheets. While conventionally rolled sheets show a generally higher formability than their twin roll cast counterparts, ZE10 outperforms AZ31 for both processing routes.

scholarly journals A large strain gradient-enhanced ductile damage model: finite element formulation, experiment and parameter identification

2020 ◽  
Vol 231 (12) ◽  
pp. 5159-5192
Author(s):  
L. Sprave ◽  
A. Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Identification ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Ductile Damage ◽  
Isotropic Hardening ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Tensile Experiment ◽  
Von Mises Plasticity

Abstract A gradient-enhanced ductile damage model at finite strains is presented, and its parameters are identified so as to match the behaviour of DP800. Within the micromorphic framework, a multi-surface model coupling isotropic Lemaitre-type damage to von Mises plasticity with nonlinear isotropic hardening is developed. In analogy to the effective stress entering the yield criterion, an effective damage driving force—increasing with increasing plastic strains—entering the damage dissipation potential is proposed. After an outline of the basic model properties, the setup of the (micro)tensile experiment is discussed and the importance of including unloading for a parameter identification with a material model including damage is emphasised. Optimal parameters, based on an objective function including measured forces and the displacement field obtained from digital image correlation, are identified. The response of the proposed model is compared to a tensile experiment of a specimen with a different geometry as a first approach to validate the identified parameters.

scholarly journals Independent Validation of Generic Specimen Design for Inverse Identification of Plastic Anisotropy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Sam Coppieters ◽  
Sanjay Gothivarekar ◽  
Arne Van de Velde ◽  
Dimitri Debruyne
Keyword(s):  
Model Updating ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Plastic Anisotropy ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Automated Method

Advanced inverse material identification procedures rely on the richness of strain fields generated in a complex specimen. Currently, the design of a complex specimen is mainly based on engineering judgement and experience that are often user-specific. This intuitive approach forms the crux of the problem, addressed in the current research. To this end, the paper embarks on devising a generic and automated method to design mechanical heterogeneous experiments. A notched tensile specimen is optimized to maximize a previously proposed heterogeneity indicator-IT. The effectiveness of this procedure for identifying the anisotropic parameters of the Hill48 yield criterion is validated using two independent methodologies, namely the identifiability method and the Finite Element Model Updating (FEMU) approach to assess the parameter identification quality. The latter approach is based on carefully generated synthetic experiments including the metrological aspects of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) while having access to the ground truth material behavior. For the plane stress Hill48 anisotropic yield criterion, it is shown that the IT-based design procedure correlates with both the identifiability method and the identification accuracy obtained through FEMU.

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