scholarly journals Impact of Laser Structuring on Medical-Grade Titanium: Surface Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Osteoblast Attachment

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2000
Author(s):  
Kai Borcherding ◽  
Dennis Marx ◽  
Linda Gätjen ◽  
Uwe Specht ◽  
Dirk Salz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Titanium Surface ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Implant Fixation ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Alpha Beta

Improved implant osteointegration offers meaningful potential for orthopedic, spinal, and dental implants. In this study, a laser treatment was used for the structuring of a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surface combined with a titanium dioxide coating, whereby a porous surface was created. The objective was to characterize the pore structure shape, treatment-related metallographic changes, cytocompatibility, and attachment of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). The treatment generated specific bottleneck pore shapes, offering the potential for the interlocking of osteoblasts within undercuts in the implant surface. The pore dimensions were a bottleneck diameter of 27 µm (SD: 4 µm), an inner pore width of 78 µm (SD: 6 µm), and a pore depth of 129 µm (SD: 8 µm). The introduced energy of the laser changed the metallic structure of the alloy within the heat-affected region (approximately 66 µm) without any indication of a micro cracking formation. The phase of the alloy (microcrystalline alpha + beta) was changed to a martensite alpha phase in the surface region and an alpha + beta phase in the transition region between the pores. The MG-63 cells adhered to the structured titanium surface within 30 min and grew with numerous filopodia over and into the pores over the following days. Cell viability was improved on the structured surface compared to pure titanium, indicating good cytocompatibility. In particular, the demonstrated affinity of MG-63 cells to grow into the pores offers the potential to provide significantly improved implant fixation in further in vivo studies.

Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Implant Fabrication – From Microscale to the Nanoscale

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Subramani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Tio2 Nanotubes ◽  
Titanium Surface ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Contact Ratio ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Surface Modification Techniques

This manuscript reviews about titanium surface modification techniques for its application in orthopaedic and dental implants. There are a few limitations in the long term prognosis of orthopaedic and dental implants. Poor osseointegration with bone, periimplant infection leading to implant failure and short term longevity demanding revision surgery, are to mention a few. Micro- and nanoscale modification of titanium surface using physicochemical, morphological and biochemical approaches have resulted in higher bone to implant contact ratio and improved osseointegration. With recent advances in micro, nano-fabrication techniques and multidisciplinary research studies focusing on bridging biomaterials for medical applications, TiO2 nanotubes have been extensively studied for implant applications. The need for titanium implant surface that can closely mimic the nanoscale architecture of human bone has become a priority. For such purpose, TiO2 nanotubes of different dimensions and architectural fashions at the nanoscale level are being evaluated. This manuscript discusses in brief about the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on titanium surface modification techniques. This manuscript also addresses the recent studies done on such nanotubular surfaces for the effective delivery of osteoinductive growth factors and anti bacterial/ anti inflammatory drugs to promote osseointegration and prevent peri-implant infection.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Titanium Dental Implant Surfaces on Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior. An In Vitro Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6353
Author(s):  
Vittoria D’Esposito ◽  
Josè Camilla Sammartino ◽  
Pietro Formisano ◽  
Alessia Parascandolo ◽  
Domenico Liguoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Titanium Dental Implant ◽  
Adhesive Ability ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Background: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of three different titanium (Ti) implant surfaces on the viability and secretory functions of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from a Bichat fat pad (BFP-MSCs). Methods: Four different Ti disks were used as substrate: (I) D1: smooth Ti, as control; (II) D2: chemically etched, resembling the Kontact S surface; (III) D3: sandblasted, resembling the Kontact surface; (IV) D4: blasted/etched, resembling the Kontact N surface. BFP-MSCs were plated on Ti disks for 72 h. Cell viability, adhesion on disks and release of a panel of cytokines, chemokines and growth factor were evaluated. Results: BFP-MSCs plated in wells with Ti surface showed a viability rate (~90%) and proliferative rate comparable to cells plated without disks and to cells plated on D1 disks. D2 and D4 showed the highest adhesive ability. All the Ti surfaces did not interfere with the release of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors by BFP-MSCs. However, BFP-MSCs cultured on D4 surface released a significantly higher amount of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) compared either to cells plated without disks and to cells plated on D1 and D2. Conclusions: The implant surfaces examined do not impair the BFP-MSCs cell viability and preserve their secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to define the implant surface parameters able to assure the chemokines’ optimal release for a real improvement of dental implant osseointegration.

scholarly journals Influence of implant surfaces on osseointegration

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 471-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Belém Novaes Jr ◽  
Sérgio Luis Scombatti de Souza ◽  
Raquel Rezende Martins de Barros ◽  
Karina Kimiko Yamashina Pereira ◽  
Giovanna Iezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implant ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Implant Surface

The biological fixation between the dental implant surfaces and jaw bones should be considered a prerequisite for the long-term success of implant-supported prostheses. In this context, the implant surface modifications gained an important and decisive place in implant research over the last years. As the most investigated topic in, it aided the development of enhanced dental treatment modalities and the expansion of dental implant use. Nowadays, a large number of implant types with a great variety of surface properties and other features are commercially available and have to be treated with caution. Although surface modifications have been shown to enhance osseointegration at early implantation times, for example, the clinician should look for research evidence before selecting a dental implant for a specific use. This paper reviews the literature on dental implant surfaces by assessing in vitro and in vivo studies to show the current perspective of implant development. The review comprises quantitative and qualitative results on the analysis of bone-implant interface using micro and nano implant surface topographies. Furthermore, the perspective of incorporating biomimetic molecules (e.g.: peptides and bone morphogenetic proteins) to the implant surface and their effects on bone formation and remodeling around implants are discussed.

scholarly journals Detoxification of Implant Surfaces Affected by Peri-Implant Disease: An Overview of Surgical Methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Valderrama ◽  
Thomas G. Wilson Jr
Keyword(s):  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Term Evaluation

Purpose. Peri-implantitis is one of the major causes of implant failure. The detoxification of the implant surface is necessary to obtain reosseointegration. The aim of this review was to summarize in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials that have evaluated surgical approaches for detoxification of the implant body surfaces.Materials and Methods. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed) from 1966 to 2013. The outcome variables were the ability of the therapeutic method to eliminate the biofilm and endotoxins from the implant surface, the changes in clinical parameters, radiographic bone fill, and histological reosseointegration.Results. From 574 articles found, 76 were analyzed. The findings, advantages, and disadvantages of using mechanical, chemical methods and lasers are discussed.Conclusions. Complete elimination of the biofilms is difficult to achieve. All therapies induce changes of the chemical and physical properties of the implant surface. Partial reosseointegration after detoxification has been reported in animals. Combination protocols for surgical treatment of peri-implantitis in humans have shown some positive clinical and radiographic results, but long-term evaluation to evaluate the validity and reliability of the techniques is needed.

Biomimetic titanium implant coated with extracellular matrix enhances and accelerates osteogenesis

Nanomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 1779-1793
Author(s):  
Yu Wu ◽  
Haikuo Tang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
Qianting He ◽  
Luodan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Titanium Surface ◽  
Titanium Implant ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Calcium Deposition

Aim: To evaluate the biological function of titanium implants coated with cell-derived mineralized extracellular matrix, which mimics a bony microenvironment. Materials & methods: A biomimetic titanium implant was fabricated primarily by modifying the titanium surface with TiO2 nanotubes or sand-blasted, acid-etched topography, then was coated with mineralized extracellular matrix constructed by culturing bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. The osteogenic ability of biomimetic titanium surface in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. Results: In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the biomimetic titanium implant enhanced and accelerated osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells by increasing cell proliferation and calcium deposition. Conclusion: By combining surface topography modification with biological coating, the results provided a valuable method to produce biomimetic titanium implants with excellent osteogenic ability.

scholarly journals Cooccurrence of N501Y, P681R and other key mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Lee ◽  
Shruthi Mangalaganesh ◽  
Laurence OW Wilson ◽  
Michael J Kuiper ◽  
Trevor W Drew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
East Coast ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Global Initiative ◽  
Domain Information ◽  
Us East Coast

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has produced five variants of concern (VOC) to date. The important Spike mutation N501Y is common to Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Omicron VOC, while the P681R is key to the spread of Delta. We have analysed circa 4.2 million SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from the largest repository Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) and demonstrated that these two mutations have cooccurred on the Spike D614G mutation background at least 3,678 times from 17 October 2020 to 1 November 2021. In contrast, the Y501-H681 combination, which is common to Alpha and Omicron VOC, is present in circa 1.1 million entries. Two-thirds of the 3,678 cooccurrences were in France, Turkey or US (East Coast), and the rest across 57 other countries. 55.5% and 4.6% of the cooccurrences were Alpha Q.4 and Gamma P.1.8 sub-lineages acquiring the P681R; 10.7% and 3.8% were Delta B.1.617.2 lineage and AY.33 sub-lineage acquiring the N501Y; the remaining 10.2% were in other variants. Despite the selective advantages individually conferred by N501Y and P681R, the Y501-R681 combination counterintuitively did not outcompete other variants in every instance we have examined. While this is a relief to worldwide public health efforts, in vitro and in vivo studies are urgently required in the absence of a strong in silico explanation for this phenomenon. This study demonstrates a pipeline to analyse combinations of key mutations from public domain information in a systematic manner and provide early warnings of spread.

scholarly journals Enhanced osseointegration of dental implants with reduced graphene oxide coating

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Cheol Shin ◽  
Ji-Hyeon Bae ◽  
Jong Ho Lee ◽  
Iruthayapandi Selestin Raja ◽  
Moon Sung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Matrix Mineralization ◽  
Reduced Graphene

Abstract Background: The implants of pure titanium (Ti) and its alloys can lead to implant failure because of their poor interaction with bone-associated cells during bone regeneration. Surface modification over implants has achieved successful implants for enhanced osseointegration.Methods: Herein, we prepared sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) Ti (ST) implants with different surface modifications [i.e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)] and investigated their dental tissue regenerating ability in animal models. We performed comparative studies in surface property, in vitro cellular behaviors, and in vivo osseointegration activity among different groups, including ST (control), rhBMP-2-immobilized ST (BI-ST), rhBMP-2-treated ST (BT-ST), and rGO-coated ST (R-ST).Results: Spectroscopic, diffractometric, and microscopic analyses confirmed that rGO was coated well around the surfaces of Ti discs (for cell study) and implant fixtures (for animal study). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the R-ST group showed significantly better effects in cell attachment and proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, and osseointegration than the control (ST), BI-ST, and BT-ST groups.Conclusion: Hence, we suggest that the rGO-coated Ti can be a promising candidate for the application to dental or even orthopedic implants due to its ability to accelerate the healing rate with the high potential of osseointegration.

scholarly journals Burst Release of Antibiotics Combined with Long-Term Release of Silver Targeting Implant-Associated Infections: Design, Characterization and in vitro Evaluation of Novel Implant Hybrid Surface

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Borcherding ◽  
Dennis Marx ◽  
Linda Gätjen ◽  
Nicole Bormann ◽  
Britt Wildemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Burst Release ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Surface Design ◽  
K Wires

Implant-associated infections represent a serious risk in human medicine and can lead to complications, revisions and in worst cases, amputations. To target these risks, the objective was to design a hybrid implant surface that allows a local burst release of antibiotics combined with long-term antimicrobial activity based on silver. The efficacy should be generated with simultaneous in vitro cytocompatibility. The investigations were performed on titanium K-wires and plates and gentamicin was selected as an illustrative antibiotic. A gentamicin depot (max 553 µg/cm2) was created on the surface using laser structuring. The antibiotic was released within 15 min in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or agar medium. Metallic silver particles (4 µg/cm2) in a titanium dioxide layer were deposited using plasma vapor deposition (PVD). About 16% of the silver was released within 28 days in the agar medium. The local efficacy of the incorporated silver was demonstrated in a direct contact assay with a reduction of more than 99.99% (Escherichia coli). The local efficacy of the hybrid surface was confirmed in a zone of inhibition (ZOI) assay using Staphylococcus cohnii. The biocompatibility of the hybrid surface was proven using fibroblasts and osteoblasts as cell systems. The hybrid surface design seems to be promising as treatment of implant-associated infections, considering the achieved amount and release behavior of the active ingredients (gentamicin, silver). The generated in vitro results (efficacy, biocompatibility) proofed the concept. Further in vivo studies will be necessary translate the hybrid surface towards clinical applied research.

scholarly journals Microgrooves and Microrugosities in Titanium Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Alexandre Gehrke ◽  
José Henrique Cavalcanti de Lima ◽  
Fernando Rodriguez ◽  
José Luis Calvo-Guirado ◽  
Jaime Aramburú Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Titanium Implant ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation

The physical characteristics of an implant surface can determine and/or facilitate osseointegration processes. In this sense, a new implant surface with microgrooves associated with plus double acid treatment to generate roughness was evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo with a non-treated (smooth) and double acid surface treatment. Thirty disks and thirty-six conical implants manufactured from commercially pure titanium (grade IV) were prepared for this study. Three groups were determined, as described below: Group 1 (G1), where the samples were only machined; group 2 (G2), where the samples were machined and had their surface treated to generate roughness; and test group 3 (G3), where the samples were machined with microgrooves and the surface was treated to generate the roughness. For the in vitro analysis, the samples were submitted to scanning microscopy (SEM), surface profilometry, the atomic force microscope (MFA) and the surface energy test. For the in vivo analyses, thirty-six implants were placed in the tibia of 9 New Zealand rabbits in a randomized manner, after histological and histomorphometric analysis, to determine the level of contact between the bone and implant (BIC%) and the bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO%) inside of the threads. The data collected were statistically analyzed between groups (p < 0.05). The in vitro evaluations showed different roughness patterns between the groups, and the G3 group had the highest values. In vivo evaluations of the BIC% showed 50.45 ± 9.57% for the G1 group, 55.32 ± 10.31% for the G2 group and 68.65 ± 9.98% for the G3 group, with significant statistical difference between the groups (p < 0.0001). In the BAFO% values, the G1 group presented 54.97 ± 9.56%, the G2 group 59.09 ± 10.13% and the G3 group 70.12 ± 11.07%, with statistical difference between the groups (p < 0.001). The results obtained in the evaluations show that the surface with microgrooves stimulates the process of osseointegration, accelerating the healing process, increasing the contact between the bone and the implant and the area of new bone formation.

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