scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Studies on Major Pyrolysis Properties of Flame Retardant PVC Cables Composed of Multiple Materials

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun-Yeo Mun ◽  
Cheol-Hong Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Reference Temperature ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Cable Structure ◽  
Pyrolysis Reaction ◽  
Multiple Materials

Flame retardant cables were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis to measure the reference temperature and reference rate required for a fire spread simulation using a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Sensitivity analysis was also performed to understand the effects of the reference temperature and rate on the pyrolysis reactions. A two-step pyrolysis reaction was typically observed regardless of the cable type, and each pyrolysis reaction could be attributed to single or multiple components depending on the cable type and reaction order. Although the structures, compositions, and insulation performances of the cables differed considerably, the reference temperatures of the two-step pyrolysis reaction were extremely similar regardless of the cable type. Conversely, the reference rates of the different types of cables varied significantly. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the mean values of the reference temperature and rate are sufficient to simulate the pyrolysis reactions of flame retardant cables. The results obtained herein also suggest that the heat transfer and pyrolysis reaction path associated with the multi-layered cable structure may be more important for accurately determining the ignition and fire spread characteristics, which are attributable to differences in cable structure, composition, and insulation performance.

scholarly journals UV-Curing of Novel Tri-functional Melamine-phosphate Oligomer: An Effect of Coating With Polyurethane Acrylate Towards Mechanical, Thermal And Flame Retardant Properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pundalik Mali ◽  
Narendra Sonawane ◽  
Nilesh Pawar ◽  
Vikas Patil
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Pencil Hardness ◽  
Uv Curable ◽  
Polyurethane Coatings ◽  
Melamine Phosphate ◽  
Polyurethane Acrylate ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Abstract A novel melamine-phosphate trifunctional acrylate MPTO) was successfully synthesized via simple cyclization of hexamethylolmelamine (HMM) with phosphorous oxychloride (POCl3) followed by addition reaction of hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA). The molecular structure of MPTO was identified by FTIR and 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and GC-MS spectra. The synthesized MPTO oligomer was impregnated with polyurethane acrylate to make the various formulation of UV-cured coatings. The polyurethanes-MPTO oligomers were coated on wood and galvanized steel panels. The properties of UV-cured PU-MPTO were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), while their crystallinity by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) exhibited a high char yield of 18.4% at 800 °C. Moreover, coating films show prominent flame retardancy with UL-94 V-0 rating and maximum limiting index value (LOI) values of 34.8%, which are much higher than the common polyurethane coatings. The polyurethane coatings cured with MPTO exhibited excellent mechanical properties were estimated various tests such as adhesion, pencil hardness, solvent resistance, flexibility, and corrosion test. The coating performance revealed that MPTO improves the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties because their unique structure contains melamine-phosphate moiety and long aliphatic chains of an acrylate ester. These high-performance melamine-based UV-curable coatings are promising for extensive applications.

Nacre-mimetic CH/MMT fabrication coating on PET fabric for improving anti-dripping performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-812
Author(s):  
Yinchun Fang ◽  
Xinhua Liu ◽  
Wenqing Fei
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Experimental Basis ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pet Fabric ◽  
Assembly Method

PurposePET fiber is widely used in many fields, such as clothing and decorative materials. However, the high flammability and dripping problem restrict its applications. It is vital for PET fiber to overcome these two main drawbacks for practical applications.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper nacre-mimetic flame retardant coating of chitosan (CH) and Montmorillonite (MMT) was fabricated on PET fabrics through the layer-by-layer assembly method. The flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of the treated PET fabric were investigated.FindingsThe results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and vertical burning test revealed the anti-dripping performance of PET fabrics which was greatly improved, while the flame retardancy has not been improved. The dripping phenomena was eliminated when the CH/MMT bilayers were over 5 BL. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that nacre-mimetic coated CH/MMT bilayers on PET fabrics would promote the char formation both under nitrogen atmosphere and under air atmosphere indicating the obviously condensed phase flame retardant action. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the char residues revealed that coated PET fabrics would promote the formation of char.Research limitations/implicationsHowever, the char was an unstable char which would further combust to change the thermal degradation and combustion process of PET fabric. Though PET fabric coated by this CH/MMT nacre-mimetic system had no flame retardancy, the anti-dripping performance was greatly improved. This research would provide experimental basis for improving the anti-dripping performance for thermoplastic materials.Originality/valueThis research is the original research for the flame retardant treatment by fabrication nacre-mimetic CH/MMT coating on PET fabric, which has not been reported previously. This research would provide experimental basis for improving the anti-dripping performance for thermoplastic polymer fabrics.

Coconut shell extract imparting multifunction properties to ligno-cellulosic material

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1261-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangesh D Teli ◽  
Pintu Pandit ◽  
Santanu Basak
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Jute Fabric

Flame retardant textiles are increasingly in demand. There have been a number of approaches by which textile material is made flame retardant. The plant extracts imparting such properties to lingo-cellulosic material has been studied in this work. The paper reports the application of green coconut ( Cocosnucifera Linn) shell extract which is a natural waste source onto jute fabric. The acidic coconut shell extract was applied in neutral and alkaline conditions on jute fabric in different concentrations. The emerging fabric showed good flame retardant properties which were measured by different standard flammability tests. The limiting oxygen index value found to increase by 48% after application of alkaline coconut shell extract as such and on concentrating the coconut shell extract, it was found to increase 81%. The thermo gravimetric behaviour and degradation mechanism were studied by using thermo gravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere. The presence of different elements, chemical groups and the structural topography of the untreated and coconut shell extract-treated lingo-cellulosic fabric were analysed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and phytochemical analysis tests. In addition to the flame retardant property, the treated fabric showed natural colour (measured by colour strength value) and antibacterial property against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

The Application Finite Element Analysis with the Temperature Field Simulation of Flame-Retardant Effect on OMMT and APP for PP/PA6 Composts

2011 ◽  
Vol 399-401 ◽  
pp. 493-499
Author(s):  
Shao Lei Long ◽  
Yu Jiao Wu ◽  
Shan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Ansys Analysis ◽  
Synergy Effects ◽  
Ul 94

Abstract:The paper makes use of the ANSYS analysis software to simulate[1] the temperature field and calculate , and further proof the Synergy Effects of flame - retardant effect on OMMT and APP for PP/PA6 composts on the basis of the oxygen index (LOI),UL-94 testing and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) test. According to simulation and analysis , the simulation result of temperature field corresponds with the oxygen index (LOI), UL - 94 test results.

Effects of Expandable Graphite on the Flame-retardant and Mechanical Performances of Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-chao Wang ◽  
Ya-peng Sun ◽  
Jie Sheng ◽  
Tie Geng ◽  
Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Abstract Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are found everywhere in our daily life, but they suffer from poor fire resistance. In this study, expansible graphite (EG) as flame retardant was incorporated into PUFs to improve material fire resistance. With the presence of EGs in the PU matrix, bubble size in PUF became smaller as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mass density of PUFs is directly proportional to the content of EG additive. The compression strengths of EG0/PUF and EG30/PUF decrease from 0.51 MPa to 0.29 MPa. The FTIR analysis of RPUFs showed that the addition of EGs did not change the functional group structures of RPUFs. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) testing results showed that the carbon residue weight of EG30/PUF is higher than other PU composite foams. The combination of TGA and FTIR indicated that the EG addition did not change the thermal decomposition products of EG0/PUF, but effectively inhibited its thermal decomposition rate. Cone calorimeter combustion tests indicated that the peak of the heat release rate (PHRR) of EG30/PUF significantly decreased to 100.5 kW/m2 compared to 390.6 kW/m2 for EG0/PUF. The ignition time of EG/PUF composites also increased from 2 s to 11 s with incorporation of 30wt% EGs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 standard tests show that the LOI of EG30/PUF can reach 55 vol%, and go through V-0 level. This study showed that adding EG into PU foams could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of EG/PUF composites without significantly sacrificing material compression strength. The research results provide useful guidelines on industrial production and applications of PUFs.

Preparation of Colloidal Antimony Pentoxide and Synergist Effect on Brominated Flame Retardant

2014 ◽  
Vol 1081 ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Li Yun Lin ◽  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Ya Rong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Brominated Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Strength Retention

Colloidal Antimony Pentoxide was prepared through a simple method based on reflux oxidization system. Detailed investigations about the effects of experimental parameters on the colloid stability and size distribution of the final products were carried out. The use of the combination of a brominated flame retardant 2,3-dibromo-succinic anhydride (DBrFR) as the flame-retarding agent and colloidal antimony pentoxide (APO) as the synergist to reduce the flammability of PET/cotton blend fabric was also studied. The BFR was effective in reducing the flammability of the blended fabric whereas APO enhances the effectiveness of DBrFR due to bromine–antimony synergism. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and the breaking strength retention of PET/ cotton fabric treated with DBrFR and APO were studied and the thermal behaviors of different treated fabrics were investigated via thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA).

Thermal Degradation Kinetics of a Intumescent Flame Retardant System for Halogen-Free Flame Retarded EVA

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2767-2772
Author(s):  
Xiu Yun Li ◽  
De Tian Liao ◽  
Han Bing Ma ◽  
Kang Lin Xu ◽  
An Bin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

An intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system containing phosphorus-silicon (EMPZR) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used to improve the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(EVA). The influence of EMPZR contents on the flame retardance of EVA/EMPZR/APP composites has been studied. It was found that the reasonable mass ratio of EMPZR/APP in EVA/EMPZR/APP composites is 20/20, whose limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was improved from 19.0 for EVA to 28.6, and the burning grading reached to UL-94 V-0. The thermal behavior of EVA and IFR-EVA was investigated by dynamic thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) at different heating rates and then the thermal degradation activation energies of EVA and IFR-EVA were determined by using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Meanwhile, morphology of the char residue obtained from burning IFR-EVA in LOI test was studied through the scanning electron microscopy SEM observation, the rich compact char layer in which could explain the good flame retardance and the synergistic effect between EMPZR and APP.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Phosphated K-Carrageenan and Its Application for Flame-Retardant Waterborne Epoxy

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Wang ◽  
Haiwei Teng ◽  
Long Li ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Ping Kang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Waterborne Epoxy

In this paper, phosphated K-carrageenan (P-KC) was obtained by reacting POCl3 with the renewable source K-carrageenan (KC). P-KC and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were added into waterborne epoxy (EP) to improve its flame retardancy. The structure of P-KC was studied comprehensively using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), showing the successful synthesis of P-KC. The flame retardancy of the EP was evaluated by the cone calorimeter test. The results showed that different mass ratios of DOPO and P-KC affected the flame retardancy of EP. When the mass ratio of DOPO and P-KC was 2:1, total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 48.7% and 37.4%, respectively. The microstructures of residue char were observed by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicating that the flame-retardant waterborne epoxy (FR-EP) system held a more cohesive and denser char structure. The char inhibited the diffusion of heat and oxygen, which played a key role in the flame retardancy.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Pyrolysis Kinetics of Chitosan-N-Phenylacetamide in an Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 10278-10292
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Pyrolysis Reaction ◽  
Reaction Functions ◽  
Probable Reaction ◽  
Two Stages

This study intends to synthesis novel compound phenolic chitosan-based via reaction of chitosan with 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid in the presence of pyridine at 80 °C for 4 h. The alterations in the chemical structure and morphology of the chitosan-N-phenylacetamide biopolymer were verified using IR spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM analyses. Chitosan and Chitosan-N-phenyacetamide were subjected to thermo-gravimetric analysis under an inert atmosphere in the temperature range of room temperature - 600 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C.min-1. The kinetic parameters were determined by the Coats-Redfern method. The corresponding kinetic parameters of the main degradation stages were also determined. The energy required for the degradation of pure chitosan was lower than that of chitosan-N-phenylacetamide in the first region of thermal degradation where the main pyrolysis reaction took place, and the largest weight loss occurred. Energy values in this region are running from 40.25 to 151.07 kJ/mol and 58.45 to 210.99 kJ/mol, respectively. The most probable reaction functions have thus been determined for these two stages by Coats-Redfern and Criado method, leading to greatly improved calculation performance over the entire conversion range. The pyrolysis reaction models of both pure chitosan and chitosan-N-phenylacetamide are described by the reaction, second-order F2.

Reach on P/N Type Intumescent Flame Retardant for Polyester Fabric

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 714-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Yong Zhu Cui ◽  
Guo Jun Liu ◽  
Li Hua Lv
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

An intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing phosphorus and APP was applied to polyester fabric. The finishing process was optimized and the properties of treated fabric were characterized. The optimum process was as follows: the total dosage of IFR system was 40%, the mass ratio of phosphorus-containing flame retardants and APP was 7:3, and curing temperature was 180°C. The treated PET fabrics imparted good resistance to melt drop. Characterization of the thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that much more residual char with intumescent structure, the incombustible gas and water were formed during combustion of flame retardant polyester fabric, whose decomposition temperature was lower compared to that of the untreated sample.

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