scholarly journals Reliability Study of c-Si PV Module Mounted on a Concrete Slab by Thermal Cycling Using Electroluminescence Scanning: Application in Future Solar Roadways

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Khan ◽  
Béchir Dridi Rezgui ◽  
Jae Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Concrete Slab ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Degradation Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Several tests were conducted to ratify the reliability and durability of the solar photovoltaic (PV) devices before deployment in the real field (non-ideal conditions). In the real field, the temperature of the PV modules was varied during the day and night. Nowadays, people have been bearing in mind the deployment of PV modules on concrete roads to make use of the space accessible on roads. In this regard, a comparative study on the failure and degradation behaviors of crystalline Si PV modules with and without a concrete slab was executed via a thermal cycling stress test. The impact of the concrete slab on the performance degradation of PV modules was evaluated. Electroluminescence (EL) results showed that the defect due to thermal cycling (TC) stress was reduced in the PV module with a concrete slab. The power loss due to the thermal cycling was reduced by approximately 1% using a concrete slab for 200 cycles. The Rsh value was reduced to approximately 91% and 71% after thermal cycling of 200 cycles for reference PV modules, respectively. The value of I0 was increased to approximately 3.1 and 2.9 times the initial value for the PV modules without and with concrete, respectively.

scholarly journals Modeling of Photovoltaic Module Using the MATLAB

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Alok Dhaundiyal ◽  
Divine Atsu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Test ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of the characteristics and electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules. Genetic coding is applied to obtain the optimized values of parameters within the constraint limit using the software MATLAB. A single diode model is proposed, considering the series and shunt resistances, to study the impact of solar irradiance and temperature on the power-voltage (P-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and predict the output of solar PV modules. The validation of the model under the standard test conditions (STC) and different values of temperature and insolation is performed, as well as an evaluation using experimentally obtained data from outdoor operating PV modules. The obtained results are also subjected to comply with the manufacturer’s data to ensure that the proposed model does not violate the prescribed tolerance range. The range of variation in current and voltage lies in the domain of 8.21 – 8.5 A and 22 – 23 V, respectively; while the predicted solutions for current and voltage vary from 8.28 – 8.68 A and 23.79 – 24.44 V, respectively. The measured experimental power of the PV module estimated to be 148 – 152 W is predicted from the mathematical model and the obtained values of simulated solution are in the domain of 149 – 157 W. The proposed scheme was found to be very effective at determining the influence of input factors on the modules, which is difficult to determine through experimental means.

scholarly journals Experiment-based Study on the Impact of Soiling on PV System’s Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Wan Juzaili Jamil ◽  
Hasimah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Kyairul Azmi Baharin
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Climate ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Solar Photovoltaics ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Dust Loading ◽  
Module Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Full Day

Soiling refers to the accumulation of dust on PV modules which plays a small but significant role in degrading solar photovoltaics system efficiency. Its effect cannot be generalized because the severity is location and environment dependent. Currently, there are limited studies available on the soiling effect in the hot and humid Malaysian tropical climate. This paper presents an experimental-based approach to investigate the effect of soiling on PV module performance in a tropical climate. The experiment involved a full day exposure of a polycrystalline PV module in the outdoors with accelerated artificial dust loading and an indoor experiment for testing variable dust dimensions. The findings show that for the worst case, the module’s output can be reduced by as much as 20%.

scholarly journals Sustainable End of Life Management of Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Solar Photovoltaic Waste: The Impact of Transportation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilke Celik ◽  
Marina Lunardi ◽  
Austen Frederickson ◽  
Richard Corkish
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
United States ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Material Recovery ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
The Impact

This work provides economic and environmental analyses of transportation-related impacts of different photovoltaic (PV) module technologies at their end-of-life (EoL) phase. Our results show that crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules are the most economical PV technology (United States Dollars (USD) 2.3 per 1 m2 PV module (or 0.87 ¢/W) for transporting in the United States for 1000 km). Furthermore, we found that the financial costs of truck transportation for PV modules for 2000 km are only slightly more than for 1000 km. CO2-eq emissions associated with transport are a significant share of the EoL impacts, and those for copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV modules are always higher than for c-Si and CdTe PV. Transportation associated CO2-eq emissions contribute 47%, 28%, and 40% of overall EoL impacts of c-Si, CdTe, and CIGS PV wastes, respectively. Overall, gasoline-fueled trucks have 65–95% more environmental impacts compared to alternative transportation options of the diesel and electric trains and ships. Finally, a hotspot analysis on the entire life cycle CO2-eq emissions of different PV technologies showed that the EoL phase-related emissions are more significant for thin-film PV modules compared to crystalline silicon PV technologies and, so, more environmentally friendly material recovery methods should be developed for thin film PV.

The Impact Mitigation of Partial Shading on PV Array Power Generation

2015 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 267-271
Author(s):  
Santisouk Phiouthonekham ◽  
Anucha Lekkruasuwan ◽  
Surachai Chaitusaney
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Pv Array ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
The Impact

The impact of partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) array is discussed in this paper. The partial shading on PV array can significantly decrease the power generation of PV array. This study examines the modeling of PV module which relates with solar irradiation, temperature, and shading pattern. There are different shading patterns on PV array, such as one-string shading, two-strings shading, and much more. The characteristics of current-voltage (I-V) and voltage-power (V-P) curves for each individual the PV array can be different dependent on the multiple MPPs, maximum power points (MPPs). These multiple MPPs are basically lower than the MPP in case of no shading. Therefore, the total generated energy in an interested time period is usually reduced. As a result, this paper proposes the appropriate arrangement of PV modules in a PV array in order to mitigate the impact of partial shading. Finally, the proposed arrangement of PV modules is tested in a testing system. All the obtained results confirms that the proposed arrangement of PV modules is effective and can be applied in practice.

scholarly journals A New Model for Estimation of Energy Extraction from Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5089
Author(s):  
Preeti Kumari Sahu ◽  
J. N. Roy ◽  
Chandan Chakraborty ◽  
Senthilarasu Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The energy yield from bifacial solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can be enhanced by optimizing the tilt angle. Bifacial modules boost the energy yield by 4% to 15% depending on the module type and ground reflectivity with an average of 9%. The selection of tilt angle depends on several factors, including the geographical location, weather variation, etc. Compared to the variable tilt angle, a constant angle is preferred from the point of view of the cost of installation and the cost of maintenance. This paper proposes a new method for analysing bifacial modules. A simpler rear-side irradiance model is presented to estimate the energy yield of a bifacial solar photovoltaic module. The detailed analysis also explores the optimum tilt angle for the inclined south–north orientation to obtain the maximum possible yield from the module. Taking four regions into account, i.e., Kharagpur, Ahmedabad, Delhi, and Thiruvananthapuram, in the Indian climate, we studied several cases. The Kharagpur system showed a monthly rear irradiance gain of 13%, and the Delhi climate showed an average performance ratio of 19.5%. We studied the impact of albedo and GCR on the tilt angle. Finally, the estimated model was validated with the PVSyst version 6.7.6 as well as real field test measurements taken from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) located in the USA.

scholarly journals Effect of Wind Load on Performance of Photovoltaic (PV) Modules Available in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-866
Author(s):  
Rizwan Mehmood Gul ◽  
Fahad Ullah Zafar ◽  
Muhammad Ali Kamran ◽  
Muhammad Noman
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Wind Load ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Mechanical Integrity ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Iec 61215 ◽  
The Impact

Mechanical integrity of a Photovoltaic (PV) module plays a major role in its performance and electrical output. Mechanical loads which include loads produced by wind, snow, rain, and hail tend to degrade the performance of PV module by generating stresses and enhancing micro-cracks and defects. This research aims to investigate the impact of wind loads on the performance of PV modules, particularly the degradation in its power output. A load of 2400 Pa was applied as per international standards (ASTM E1830-15 and IEC-61215). A total of four PV module samples, of the same specifications with 60 W rated power, were initially subjected to solar flash testing and Electroluminescence (EL) imaging. This was followed by three cycles of mechanical load test. After the mechanical load tests, the modules were again subjected to solar flash testing and EL imaging and the results were compared. It was noted that static wind load degrades the mechanical integrity of photovoltaic modules in two ways; by aiding the propagation of existing cracks and initiating new cracks. This loss of mechanical integrity degraded the power output of PV module. Maximum drop of 2% in the power output and 0.27% in the efficiency was observed. In addition, the average increase of 3.37% in the series resistance was observed indicating decrease in performance.

scholarly journals Investigation of production forecast biases of simulation models in a benchmark case

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Eduardo Botechia ◽  
Ana Teresa Ferreira da Silva Gaspar ◽  
Guilherme Daniel Avansi ◽  
Alessandra Davolio ◽  
Denis José Schiozer
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Petrophysical Properties ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Production Forecast ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Impact

Reservoir management decisions are often based on simulation models and probabilistic approaches. Thus, the response of the model must be sufficiently accurate to base sound decisions on and fast enough to be practical for methodologies requiring many simulation runs. However, simulation models often forecast production rates different to real production rates for various reasons. Two possible causes of these deviations are (1) upscaling (a technique to reduce the computational time of simulation models by reducing the number of grid blocks) and (2) uncertainties (the values established to attributes are different from real values caused by lack of knowledge of real reservoir). Morosov and Schiozer [(2016) applied a closed-loop technique in a benchmark case where decisions taken using the simulation models are applied to a reference case. The optimized production strategy, using simulations models, increased the expected monetary value of the project by about 29%, but the Net Present Value (NPV), calculated using a reference case, decreased by 2%. The real NPV was outside the expected range and revealed that the set of models did not fully represent the real field, even for high-quality history-matched models. The objective of this study is to identify the causes of these discrepancies. To reach this goal, we investigate and analyze both the impact of the upscaling and the uncertainty on production and economic indicators. We use a set of representative models of benchmark UNISIM-I (Avansi and Schiozer, 2015) to consider the effects of uncertainty and upscaling. Our main concern was the uncertainties in the distribution of petrophysical properties that strongly influence the productivity and injectivity of wells, noted by Morosov and Schiozer (2016) as being the main cause for differences among models. Furthermore, to verify the isolated effects of the possible causes of deviation, we use a single model to show only the effects of upscaling, and another set of models showing only the uncertainty. The results showed that the impact of the uncertainties was higher than the upscaling for the studied case. The upscaling generated an optimistic bias for production and economic indicators, but well-correlated with the reference case. The uncertainties significantly affected the production forecasts for this study. This happened because the response of the wells is highly dependent on the petrophysical properties of the model, which varies widely between the different models representing uncertainties and was not adequately depicted by the representative models.

scholarly journals Experimental Effect of the Impact of Stagnant Water on Solar Modules

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2095-2100
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Output Current ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Experimental Effect ◽  
The Impact

In this research, an experimental study of the impact of stagnant water on solar modules is investigated. Two different experiments using two identical photovoltaic (PV) modules S1 and S2 were used for the study. In the first experiment, the PV module S1 was covered with stagnant water and the second PV module was unshielded with water. In the second experiment, the PV modules were swapped with S2 covered with stagnant water and S1 unshielded with water. The experiments were carried out under normal operating temperature of PV cells at the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka on latitude 6:52 degrees north, longitude 7:23 degrees. Results obtained from the first experiment show that the efficiency and power output of S1 PV module decreased by 9.3% and 8.0% respectively when compared with that of S2 PV module. In the case of output voltage and current, it was found that shielding of PV module S1 with stagnant water caused an increase in the output voltage by 1.93% and a decrease in the output current by 10.26%. In the second experiment, the efficiency and Output power of PV module S2 decreased by 9.21% and 8.18% respectively when compared with the unshielded PV module S1. In the case of voltage and current, it was found that shielding of PV module S2 with stagnant water caused an increase in the Output voltage by 1.63% and decrease in the output current by 10.91%.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Water Cooling on PV Modules Efficiency

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Luboń ◽  
Grzegorz Pełka ◽  
Mirosław Janowski ◽  
Leszek Pająk ◽  
Michał Stefaniuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Continuous Cooling ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Power Increase ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
The Impact

The article presents the results of research on the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules cooled with water. The aim of the experiment was to improve the working conditions of solar modules. A temperature decrease was obtained for the PV module by pouring cool tap water onto the upper surface of the modules, either in imitation of rain or as a water film. The power of the cooled and non-cooled devices were then compared. The temperature of the cooled modules dropped to almost 25 °C, whilst the temperature of the non-cooled module was 45 °C. The best results were achieved by cooling modules with a water film, since there were no water splashes, and the continuous cooling of the surface leads to a 20% increase in power. During the test, the non-cooled module attained a maximum power of 105.3 W/m2, compared to 125.5 W/m2 for its cooled counterpart. Cooling the module, therefore, resulted in a power increase of 20.2 W/m2. The results of the work may be of particular interest for small installations, especially because it cleans the modules while providing an increase in power.

scholarly journals Soiling of Photovoltaic Modules: Comparing between Two Distinct Locations within the Framework of Developing the Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamer Alquthami ◽  
Karim Menoufi
Keyword(s):  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Dust Density ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Interactive Map ◽  
The Impact

This article evaluates the impact of dust accumulation on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules in two different locations inside Egypt, Cairo and Beni-Suef. Two identical PV modules were used for that purpose, where each module was exposed to the outdoor environment in order to collect dust naturally for a period of three weeks, each in its corresponding location. The approximate dust density on each of the two PV modules was estimated. Moreover, the electrical performance was evaluated and compared under the same indoor testing conditions. The results show a better electrical performance and less dust density for the PV module located in Cairo compared to that located in Beni-Suef. The results further provide an indication for the impact of soling in different locations within the same country through a clear and simple procedure. In addition, it paves the way for establishing a Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI) in terms of a Photovoltaic Dust Coefficient, as well as a Photovoltaic Dust Interactive Map. The product of such concepts could be used by the Photovoltaic systems designers everywhere in order to estimate the impact of dust on the future performance of PV modules in small and large installations in different regions around the globe, and during different times of the year as well.

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