scholarly journals Novel Bicomponent Functional Fibers with Sheath/Core Configuration Containing Intumescent Flame-Retardants for Textile Applications

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Maqsood ◽  
Gunnar Seide
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Bicomponent Fibers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of intumescent flame-retardants (IFR’s) on the spinnability of sheath/core bicomponent melt-spun fibers, produced from Polylactic acid (PLA) single polymer composites, as IFR’s have not been tested in bicomponent fibers so far. Highly crystalline PLA-containing IFR’s was used in the core component, while an amorphous PLA was tested in the sheath component of melt-spun bicomponent fibers. Ammonium polyphosphate and lignin powder were used as acid, and carbon source, respectively, together with PES as a plasticizing agent in the core component of bicomponent fibers. Multifilament fibers, with sheath/core configurations, were produced on a pilot-scale melt spinning machine, and the changes in fibers mechanical properties and crystallinity were recorded in response to varying process parameters. The crystallinity of the bicomponent fibers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal stabilities were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Thermally bonded, non-woven fabric samples, from as prepared bicomponent fibers, were produced and their fire properties, such as limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry values were measured. However, the ignitability of fabric samples was tested by a single-flame source test. Cone calorimetry showed a 46% decline in the heat release rate of nonwovens, produced from FR PLA bicomponent fibers, compared to pure PLA nonwovens. This indicated the development of an intumescent char by leaving a residual mass of 34% relative to the initial mass of the sample. It was found that the IFRs can be melt spun into bicomponent fibers by sheath/core configuration, and the enhanced functionality in the fibers can be achieved with suitable mechanical properties.

Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiren Huang ◽  
Jianwei Yang ◽  
Zhengzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

scholarly journals Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Masterbatch Prepared Through Different Processes and Its Application in EPDM/PP Thermoplastic Elastomer: Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Mechanical Properties

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidi He ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Xiaolang Chen ◽  
Jianbing Guo ◽  
Dengfeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

In this work, the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) thermoplastic elastomer filled with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) is fabricated by melting blend. The IFR are constituted with melamine phosphate-pentaerythritol (MP/PER) by compounding and reactive extruding, respectively. The effects of two kinds of MP/PER with different contents on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of materials are investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR results show that the reactive extruded MP/PER partly generates melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) compared with compound masterbatches. TGA data indicate that the best thermal stability is achieved when the molar ratio of MP/PER reaches 1.8. All the reactive samples show a higher flame retardancy than compound ones. The CCT results also exhibit the same trend as above in heat release and smoke production rate. The EPDM/PP composites filled with 30 and 35% reactive MP/PER exhibit the improved flame retardancy but become stiffer and more brittle. SEM photos display that better dispersion and smaller particle size are obtained for reactive samples.

Flame Retardation of Banana Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Melamine Pyrophosphate and Pentaerythritol as Intumescent Flame Retardants

2015 ◽  
Vol 1096 ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Ying Pang ◽  
Xian Zhong Mo ◽  
Yu Xin Liu ◽  
Yong Fei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Banana Fiber ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

Flame retardation of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites using melamine pyrophosphate and pentaerythritol as intumescent flame retardants and the influence of mechanical properties were investigated. The effects of IFR contents and the ratio of MPP and PER on limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 rating of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites has been studied. It was found that the combustion performance of the composites increases with increasing IFR contents,and the composites at the ratio of MPP/PER=2:1(weight ratio) at the same loading 40% showed the best combustion performance with IFR contents increasing,the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased and UL94 rating reached, but the mechanical properties of composites significantly decreased. In order to increase the comprehensive properties, the flame retarded fiber was used to prepared the composites,the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the composites significantly increased. the best complex properties were the IFR contents was 40%, the ratio of MPP/PER=2:1 (weight ratio), by the spraying method with 20g the fire retardant liquid of every 30g banana fiber.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of APP and TBC Fire-Retardants on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Strandboard

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Feiyu Tian ◽  
Deliang Xu ◽  
Xinwu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polymeric Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate

This study explored the feasibility of fabricating fire-retardant strandboard with low mechanical properties deterioration to the physico-mechanical properties. A hybrid fire-retardant system of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (TBC) was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that both APP and TBC enhance the thermal stability and incombustibility of wood strands. An infrared spectrum was applied to investigate the effect of flame retardants on the curing behaviors of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin. Based on the results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Cone calorimetry (CONE), APP and TBC both lead to a higher fire retardancy to strandboard. It is worth mentioning that the two flame retardants lead to evidently differential influences on the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), and water-soaking thickness swelling (TS) properties of strandboard. Hence, a hybrid flame retardant is prominent in manufacturing strandboard with both good fire retardant and satisfying physico-mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Synergistic effects of metal hydroxides and fumed nanosilica as fire retardants for polyethylene

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-48
Author(s):  
Giulia Fredi ◽  
Andrea Dorigato ◽  
Luca Fambri ◽  
José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta ◽  
Alessandro Pegoretti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Metal Hydroxide ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Neat Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

AbstractThis work aims to study the synergistic effect of aluminum/magnesium hydroxide microfillers and organomodified fumed silica nanoparticles as flame retardants (FRs) for linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and to select the best composition to produce a fire-resistant polyethylene-based single-polymer composite. The fillers were added to LLDPE at different concentrations, and the prepared composites were characterized to investigate the individual and combined effects of the fillers on the thermo-oxidation resistance and the fire performance, as well as the microstructural, physical, thermal and mechanical properties. Both filler types were homogeneously distributed in the matrix, with the formation of a network of silica nanoparticles at elevated loadings. Melt flow index (MFI) tests revealed that the fluidity of the material was not considerably impaired upon metal hydroxide introduction, while a heavy reduction of the MFI was detected for silica contents higher than 5 wt%. FRs introduction promoted a noticeable enhancement of the thermo-oxidative stability of the materials, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and onset oxidation temperature (OOT) tests, and superior thermal properties were measured on the samples combining micro- and nanofillers, thus evidencing synergistic effects. Tensile tests showed that the stiffening effect due to a high content of metal hydroxide microparticles was accompanied by a decrease in the strain at break, but nanosilica at low concentration contributed to preserve the ultimate mechanical properties of the neat polymer. The fire performance of the samples with optimized compositions, evaluated through limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests, was strongly enhanced with respect to that of the neat LLDPE, and also these tests highlighted the synergistic effect between micro- and nanofillers, as well as an interesting correlation between fire parameters and viscosity.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Effects of Coolants on Surface Quality and Mechanical Properties of Micromilled Thin-Walled Elgiloy

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Qu ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Jiadai Xue ◽  
Yun Fan ◽  
Zuhui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Dry Machining ◽  
Core Component ◽  
The Core ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
The One

In this study, minimum quantity coolant/lubrication (MQCL) is found to have significant impact on the surface quality and mechanical properties of the micromilled thin-walled work piece that is the core component of an aeroaccelerometer. Three kinds of coolants were used in the micromilling process to analyze their effects on surface quality and mechanical properties of the component. The experiment results show that an appropriate dynamic viscosity of coolant helps to improve surface roughness. The high evaporation rate of the coolants can enhance the cooling performance. Comparing with the dry machining case, MQCL has better performance on improving tool wear, surface quality, and mechanical properties of the micromilled work piece. It yielded up to 1.4–10.4% lower surface roughness compared with the dry machining case in this experiment. The machined work piece with the best mechanical properties and the one with the worst mechanical properties appeared in the ethyl alcohol and the dry machining case, respectively. The reasons for deteriorating surface quality and mechanical properties in dry machining cases are also analyzed. For improving the micromilling process, the penetration and cooling effect of the coolants are more important. This paper gives references to obtain better service performance of the component by improving the micromilling process.

Synergistic Effects of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates VSB-1 on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Chao Peng ◽  
Shi Bin Nie ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Qi Lin He ◽  
Yuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Nickel Phosphates

Nanoporous nickel phosphates (VSB-1) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then VSB-1 was added to the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol system in polypropylene (PP) matrix.The synergistic effect of VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) was studied by cone calorimetry test. The results of cone calorimetry show that heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of intumescent flame retardant PP with 2wt% VSB-1 decrease remarkably compared with that of without VSB-1. The pHRR and THR decrease respectively from 1140 to 286.0 kW/m2, and from 96.0 to 63.2 MJ/m2.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanical Properties of PA66 with Different Dicyclohexyl Hypophosphite Acid Metal Salts

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Junliang Lu ◽  
Hongyan Yang ◽  
Jinyan Lang ◽  
Heng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Three metal salts of dicyclohexyl hypophosphite, namely dicyclohexyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADCP), dicyclohexyl magnesium hypophosphite (MDCP), and dicyclohexyl zinc hypophosphite (ZDCP), were synthesized. These flame retardants were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, and the results showed that ADCP and ZDCP had higher thermal stabilities than MDCP. They were then separately mixed with polyamide 66 (PA66)to prepare composite materials, of which the combustion properties were determined by the limiting oxygen index method and horizontal/vertical burning experiments. The mechanical properties of the materials were further evaluated using an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that all the three flame retardants exerted a flame-retardant effect on PA66, but the flame-retardant effect of MDCP was inferior to those of ADCP and ZDCP. All the composites also showed similar mechanical properties. Among the three flame retardants, ADCP had the best overall performance for raw materials, showing good flame-retardant properties while maintaining the mechanical properties of the raw materials. The optimal dosage of ADCP was 15 wt %, at which a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL 94 test) can be obtained.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Magnesium-Containing Compounds in Material Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Chun Feng Sun ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mg-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus- magnesium characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mg-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mg contents of 4.0% get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mg-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mg-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mg and P at the residue were increased.

scholarly journals Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Seidi ◽  
Elnaz Movahedifar ◽  
Ghasem Naderi ◽  
Vahideh Akbari ◽  
Franck Ducos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pp Composites ◽  
Calorimetry Data

Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document