scholarly journals Cross-Linking Strategies for Electrospun Gelatin Scaffolds

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Emma Campiglio ◽  
Nicola Contessi Negrini ◽  
Silvia Farè ◽  
Lorenza Draghi
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Fiber Scaffolds ◽  
Electrospun Gelatin ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Synthetic And Natural Polymers ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

Electrospinning is an exceptional technology to fabricate sub-micrometric fiber scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications and to mimic the morphology and the chemistry of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Although most synthetic and natural polymers can be electrospun, gelatin frequently represents a material of choice due to the presence of cell-interactive motifs, its wide availability, low cost, easy processability, and biodegradability. However, cross-linking is required to stabilize the structure of the electrospun matrices and avoid gelatin dissolution at body temperature. Different physical and chemical cross-linking protocols have been described to improve electrospun gelatin stability and to preserve the morphological fibrous arrangement of the electrospun gelatin scaffolds. Here, we review the main current strategies. For each method, the cross-linking mechanism and its efficiency, the influence of electrospinning parameters, and the resulting fiber morphology are considered. The main drawbacks as well as the open challenges are also discussed.

scholarly journals RECENT ADVANCES IN HYDROGELS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Surojeet Das ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Rini Tiwari ◽  
Leena Singh ◽  
Sachidanand Singh
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Synthetic And Natural Polymers

Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric network, capable of entrapping substantial amounts of fluids. Hydrogels are formed due to physical or chemical cross-linking in different synthetic and natural polymers. Recently, hydrogels have been receiving much attention for biomedical applications due to their innate structure and compositional similarities to the extracellular matrix. Hydrogels fabricated from naturally derived materials provide an advantage for biomedical applications due to their innate cellular interactions and cellular-mediated biodegradation. Synthetic materials have the advantage of greater tunability when it comes to the properties of hydrogels. There has been considerable progress in recent years in addressing the clinical and pharmacological limitations of hydrogels for biomedical applications. The primary objective of this article is to review the classification of hydrogels based on their physical and chemical characteristics. It also reviews the technologies adopted for hydrogel fabrication and the different applications of hydrogels in the modern era.

scholarly journals Cross-Linking Optimization for Electrospun Gelatin: Challenge of Preserving Fiber Topography

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2472
Author(s):  
Chiara Emma Campiglio ◽  
Selene Ponzini ◽  
Paola De Stefano ◽  
Giulia Ortoleva ◽  
Lorenzo Vignati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Fiber Network ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Fibrous Morphology ◽  
Electrospun Gelatin

Opportunely arranged micro/nano-scaled fibers represent an extremely attractive architecture for tissue engineering, as they offer an intrinsically porous structure, a high available surface, and an ideal microtopography for guiding cell migration. When fibers are made with naturally occurring polymers, matrices that closely mimic the architecture of the native extra-cellular matrix and offer specific chemical cues can be obtained. Along this track, electrospinning of collagen or gelatin is a typical and effective combination to easily prepare fibrous scaffolds with excellent properties in terms of biocompatibility and biomimicry, but an appropriate cross-linking strategy is required. Many common protocols involve the use of swelling solvents and can result in significant impairment of fibrous morphology and porosity. As a consequence, the efforts for processing gelatin into a fiber network can be vain, as a film-like morphology will be eventually presented to cells. However, this appears to be a frequently overlooked aspect. Here, the effect on fiber morphology of common cross-linking protocols was analyzed, and different strategies to improve the final morphology were evaluated (including alternative solvents, cross-linker concentration, mechanical constraint, and evaporation conditions). Finally, an optimized, fiber-preserving protocol based on carbodiimide (EDC) chemistry was defined.

scholarly journals Differentiation of physical and chemical cross-linking in gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Rebers ◽  
Raffael Reichsöllner ◽  
Sophia Regett ◽  
Günter E. M. Tovar ◽  
Kirsten Borchers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Double Bond Conversion ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

AbstractGelatin methacryloyl (GM) hydrogels have been investigated for almost 20 years, especially for biomedical applications. Recently, strengthening effects of a sequential cross-linking procedure, whereby GM hydrogel precursor solutions are cooled before chemical cross-linking, were reported. It was hypothesized that physical and enhanced chemical cross-linking of the GM hydrogels contribute to the observed strengthening effects. However, a detailed investigation is missing so far. In this contribution, we aimed to reveal the impact of physical and chemical cross-linking on strengthening of sequentially cross-linked GM and gelatin methacryloyl acetyl (GMA) hydrogels. We investigated physical and chemical cross-linking of three different GM(A) derivatives (GM10, GM2A8 and GM2), which provided systematically varied ratios of side-group modifications. GM10 contained the highest methacryloylation degree (DM), reducing its ability to cross-link physically. GM2 had the lowest DM and showed physical cross-linking. The total modification degree, determining the physical cross-linking ability, of GM2A8 was comparable to that of GM10, but the chemical cross-linking ability was comparable to GM2. At first, we measured the double bond conversion (DBC) kinetics during chemical GM(A) cross-linking quantitatively in real-time via near infrared spectroscopy-photorheology and showed that the DBC decreased due to sequential cross-linking. Furthermore, results of circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry indicated gelation and conformation changes, which increased storage moduli of all GM(A) hydrogels due to sequential cross-linking. The data suggested that the total cross-link density determines hydrogel stiffness, regardless of the physical or chemical nature of the cross-links.

Chemical cross-linking abrogates adjuvant potential of natural polymers

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (27) ◽  
pp. 13817-13821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhilesh Kumar Shakya ◽  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Kutty Selva Nandakumar
Keyword(s):  
Alginic Acid ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

Natural polymers like chitosan and alginic acid are extensively used in biomedicine for different applications.

Hybrid Nanogels with Physical and Chemical Cross-Linking Structures as Nanocarriers

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 710-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Morimoto ◽  
Takao Endo ◽  
Michiko Ohtomi ◽  
Yasuhiko Iwasaki ◽  
Kazunari Akiyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Linking ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

Electrospun gelatin nanofibers: Optimization of genipin cross-linking to preserve fiber morphology after exposure to water

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1702-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Panzavolta ◽  
Michela Gioffrè ◽  
Maria Letizia Focarete ◽  
Chiara Gualandi ◽  
Laura Foroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Linking ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Electrospun Gelatin
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