scholarly journals Explanation of the Influence of Sodium Chloride Solution on Volume Deformation and Permeability of Normally Consolidated Clays

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongwei Zhang ◽  
Shijun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Volume Deformation ◽  
Soft Clays ◽  
Marine Clays

The marine clays located in the Southeast area of China are characterized by their higher water content, higher compressibility and higher salinities. This soil is mainly composed of illite/montmorillonite interlayer minerals. Previous research has shown that the saline water significantly influences the liquid limit and other physical characteristics of the clays. As the desalination of pore water occurs as a result of freshwater or rainfalls, the physical and mechanical behaviors of the soft marine clays changes, and this can lead to potential hazards for infrastructure. Therefore, it is essential to understand the effects of chemistry variations and to predict the long-term foundation deformations. Based on previous works, the deformation behavior of artificial soils corresponding to a mixture of kaolinite and bentonite (the mass ratios of bentonite were 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%) was further discussed in a ln(1 + e)-logp’ system. The permeabilities of the samples mixed with different concentrations of sodium chloride solutions were compared based on oedometer tests. The micro-structures in the samples were investigated by SEM (scanning electronic microscopy) tests. The declining trend of a newly defined volume compression index Ccv and swelling index Csv with pore water salinity and e0/eL was observed when the initial void ratios e0 of the samples were close. The permeability coefficient k and the slopes Ck = e/logk of the mixtures increased with the ionic concentrations. Finally, the changes in volume deformations and permeabilities induced by sodium chloride solution are discussed based on ‘suction pressure’ and initial void compression at micro-level. This paper proves that the influences of salinity on the mechanical behavior of clays are mainly attributable to the interaction between diffused double layers, and these findings are helpful for improving the constitutive model of soft clays when taking pore water chemistry changes into consideration.

Modification of carcase characteristics in sheep maintained on a saline water regime

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (48) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Walker ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Cent Sodium

Two groups each of four Merino wethers, two years old and in very lean condition after many weeks on a straw ration, were fattened on a ration of lucerne hay. One group of animals drank 1.3 per cent sodium chloride solution for 16 weeks before and during fattening while the control group drank tap water throughout. Analyses done after body weight increases of about 12 kg showed that, compared to the controls, the saline drinking group had significantly less fat, more water, and more protein in the edible carcase. All differences were significant. Samples of fat from the omentum and perirenal area showed a tendency towards a higher degree of unsaturation in the saline-drinking animals although these results were not statistically significant.

scholarly journals The use of Robinia pseudoacacia L fruit extract as a green corrosion inhibitor in the protection of copper-based objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Pourzarghan ◽  
Bahman Fazeli-Nasab
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Bronze Alloy ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Green Inhibitor

AbstractThe most important inhibitors used in bronze disease are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In this study, the acacia fruit extract (200 ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M, for 4 weeks consecutively. The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn). IE% was used to obtain the inhibitory efficiency percentage and Rp can be calculated from the resistance of polarization. SEM–EDX was used to evaluate the surfaces of alloy as well as inhibitory. The experiment was conducted in split plot design in time based on the RCD in four replications. ANOVA was performed and comparison of means square using Duncan's multiple range test at one percent probability level. The highest rate of corrosion inhibition (93.5%) was obtained at a concentration of 1800 ppm with an increase in the concentration of the extract, corrosion inhibition also increased, i.e., more bronze was prevented from burning. Also, the highest corrosion inhibitory activity of Acacia extract (79.66) was in the second week and with increasing duration, this effect has decreased. EDX analysis of the control sample matrix showed that the amount of chlorine was 8.47%wt, while in the presence of corrosive sodium chloride solution, after 4 weeks, the amount of chlorine detected was 3.20%wt. According to the morphology (needle and rhombus) of these corrosion products based on the SEM images, it can be said, they are the type of atacamite and paratacamite. They have caused bronze disease in historical bronze works. The green inhibitor of Acacia fruit aqueous extract can play an effective role in inhibiting corrosion of bronze, but at higher concentrations, it became fungal, which can reduce the role of Acacia fruit aqueous extract and even ineffective. To get better performance of green inhibitors, more tests need to be done to improve and optimize.

DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF SILVER IN GALENA ORES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1488-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Bounsall ◽  
W. A. E. McBryde
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Silver Content ◽  
Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Aqueous Sodium

An analytical method is described for the determination of microgram amounts of silver in galena ores, based on the "reversion" of silver dithizonate. Silver is separated from relatively large amounts of lead by extraction as dithizonate into chloroform from an aqueous 1:99 nitric acid solution. Separation from mercury, which is also extracted under these conditions and would, if present, interfere in the analysis, is achieved by reverting the dithizonate solution with a 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution which is also 0.015 molar in hydrochloric acid. Following dilution of this aqueous solution and adjustment of pH, silver is again extracted into chloroform as the dithizonate, and determined absorptiometrically. Analyses of a number of galena ore samples showed a precision of within 3% for a silver content ranging from 0.03 to 0.4%.Some other methods for isolating silver from these samples, which were tried but found unsatisfactory, are discussed.

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