scholarly journals Hydrostatic High-Pressure Post-Processing of Specimens Fabricated by DLP, SLA, and FDM: An Alternative for the Sterilization of Polymer-Based Biomedical Devices

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Linares-Alvelais ◽  
J. Figueroa-Cavazos ◽  
C. Chuck-Hernandez ◽  
Hector Siller ◽  
Ciro Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Biomedical Devices ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

In this work, we assess the effects of sterilization in materials manufactured using additive manufacturing by employing a sterilization technique used in the food industry. To estimate the feasibility of the hydrostatic high-pressure (HHP) sterilization of biomedical devices, we have evaluated the mechanical properties of specimens produced by commercial 3D printers. Evaluations of the potential advantages and drawbacks of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology, and Stereolithography (SLA) were considered for this study due to their widespread availability. Changes in mechanical properties due to the proposed sterilization technique were compared to values derived from the standardized autoclaving methodology. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of samples treated with Hydrostatic high-pressure processing enhanced mechanical properties, with a 30.30% increase in the tensile modulus and a 26.36% increase in the ultimate tensile strength. While traditional autoclaving was shown to systematically reduce the mechanical properties of the materials employed and damages and deformation on the surfaces were observed, HHP offered an alternative for sterilization without employing heat. These results suggest that while forgoing high-temperature for sanitization, HHP processing can be employed to take advantage of the flexibility of additive manufacturing technologies for manufacturing implants, instruments, and other devices.

scholarly journals Effect of Porosity on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymers: Experiments and Micromechanical Modeling Based on X-Ray Computed Tomography Analysis

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Fuh ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Micromechanical Modeling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
X Ray Computed

Additive manufacturing (commonly known as 3D printing) is defined as a family of technologies that deposit and consolidate materials to create a 3D object as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of the most popular additive manufacturing techniques, has demonstrated extensive applications in various industries such as medical prosthetics, automotive, and aeronautics. As a thermal process, FDM may introduce internal voids and pores into the fabricated thermoplastics, giving rise to potential reduction on the mechanical properties. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the microscopic pores on the mechanical properties of material fabricated by the FDM process via experiments and micromechanical modeling. More specifically, the three-dimensional microscopic details of the internal pores, such as size, shape, density, and spatial location were quantitatively characterized by X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and, subsequently, experiments were conducted to characterize the mechanical properties of the material. Based on the microscopic details of the pores characterized by XCT, a micromechanical model was proposed to predict the mechanical properties of the material as a function of the porosity (ratio of total volume of the pores over total volume of the material). The prediction results of the mechanical properties were found to be in agreement with the experimental data as well as the existing works. The proposed micromechanical model allows the future designers to predict the elastic properties of the 3D printed material based on the porosity from XCT results. This provides a possibility of saving the experimental cost on destructive testing.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PROCESS PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3D PRINTED PLA PRODUCT

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Nanang Ali Sutisna ◽  
Rakha Amrillah Fattah
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
3D Digital Models

The method of producing items through synchronously depositing material level by level, based on 3D digital models, is named Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D-printing. Amongs many AM methods, the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique along with PLA (Polylactic acid) material is commonly used in additive manufacturing. Until now, the mechanical properties of the AM components could not be calculated or estimated until they've been assembled and checked. In this work, a novel approach is suggested as to how the extrusion process affects the mechanical properties of the printed component to obtain how the parts can be manufactured or printed to achieve improved mechanical properties. This methodology is based on an experimental procedure in which the combination of parameters to achieve an optimal from a manufacturing experiment and its value can be determined, the results obtained show the effect of the extrusion process affects the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Precision and Energy Usage for Additive Manufacturing

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Clemon ◽  
Anton Sudradjat ◽  
Maribel Jaquez ◽  
Aditya Krishna ◽  
Marwan Rammah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Part Quality ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Control Part

Market pressures on manufacturing enterprises incentivize minimum resource consumption while maintaining part quality. Facilities with advanced manufacturing tools often utilize rapid prototyping for production of complicated or specialty parts. Additive manufacturing offers an alternative to traditional production methods which are often time and resource expensive. This study aims to explore part quality and energy usage for additive manufacturing through a focused study of Fused Deposition Modeling and Photopolymer Jetting technologies. A control part is developed for maintaining test consistency across different machines. The control part design consists of various positive and negative features including width varied slots and walls, ramps, and curved features so that the manufacturing of different surfaces may be investigated. Several different machine models are tested to evaluate precision for a variety of applications. Part quality is quantified by measuring the surface roughness in two directions for the control test part printed on each machine. Qualitatively, part quality is assessed by positive and negative feature resolution. High quality machines resolve features closely to design specifications. Lower quality machines do not resolve some features. In addition to exploring the effects of advertised print precision, layup density is varied on two machines. Advertised print resolution does not well represent the achievable feature sizes found in this study. Energy usage is quantified by measuring electricity demands while printing the control part on each of the five different machines. Power consumption in additive manufacturing is found to follow a distinct pattern comprised of standby, warm up, printing and idle phases. Measurement and analysis suggest a relationship between the precision of these machines and their respective energy demand. Part quality is found to generally improve with increased initial and process resource investment. The energy and quality assessment methods developed in this study are applicable to a greater variety of additive manufacturing technologies and will assist designers as additive manufacturing becomes more production friendly. The presented data also provides designers and production planners insight for improvements in the process decision making.

scholarly journals A Review Study on Mechanical Properties of Obtained Products by FDM Method and Metal/Polymer Composite Filament Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ümit Çevik ◽  
Menderes Kam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Composite Filament ◽  
Metal Polymer

In addition to traditional manufacturing methods, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has become a widespread production technique used in the industry. The Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method is one of the most known and widely used additive manufacturing techniques. Due to the fact that polymer-based materials used as depositing materials by the FDM method in printing of parts have insufficient mechanical properties, the technique generally has limited application areas such as model making and prototyping. With the development of polymer-based materials with improved mechanical properties, this technique can be preferred in wider application areas. In this context, analysis of the mechanical properties of the products has an important role in the production method with FDM. This study investigated the mechanical properties of the products obtained by metal/polymer composite filament production and FDM method in detail. It was reviewed current literature on the production of metal/polymer composite filaments with better mechanical properties than filaments compatible with three-dimensional (3D) printers. As a result, it was found that by adding reinforcements of composites in various proportions, products with high mechanical properties can be obtained. Thus, it was predicted that the composite products obtained in this way can be used in wider application areas.

Recycling of PA-12 in Additive Manufacturing and the Improvement of its Mechanical Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 674 ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piret Mägi ◽  
Andres Krumme ◽  
Meelis Pohlak
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Positive Finding ◽  
Polyamide 12 ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Micro Injection Moulding ◽  
Moulding Machine

This study explores possible ways to make Additive Manufacturing (AM) a cradle-to-cradle process, that is, use the leftover from one process as the raw material for another process. The main goal of this study is to develop a set of new polymeric blends with innovative properties, suitable for using in 3-D printing of prosthetic limbs using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology. Sustainable acting is achieved by reusing polymeric material left over from Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) processes for making raw material for FDM processes. Test specimens of polyamide 12 (PA-12) in its virgin form and used- , un-sintered form alongside specimens of used PA blended with TPU, aramid, or graphite, were produced in a micro-injection moulding machine and then tested for their mechanical properties. This paper provides information about the differences in mechanical characteristics of these different material blends. An unexpected but positive finding was that the differences between virgin and recycled PA-12 are insignificant. The aforementioned additives influenced PA-12 by producing specimens that responded with predictable characteristics which is a significant accomplishment as it lays the groundwork for the next stages of the project.

scholarly journals 3D printers in dentistry: a review of additive manufacturing techniques and materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Portilha Gomes da Costa ◽  
Stephanie Isabel Díaz Zamalloa ◽  
Fernando Amorim Mendonça Alves ◽  
Renan Spigolon ◽  
Leandro Yukio Mano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Printed Materials

3D printers manufacture objects used in various dental specialties. Objective: This literature review aims to explore different techniques of current 3D printers and their applications in printed materials for dental purposes. Methods: The online PubMed databases were searched aiming to find applications of different 3D printers in the dental area. The keywords searched were 3D printer, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, 3D prototyping, dental materials and dentistry. Results: From the search results, we describe Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Material Jetting (MJ), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Binder Jetting (BJ) and Dust-based printing techniques. Conclusion: 3D printing enables different additive manufacturing techniques to be used in dentistry, providing better workflows and more satisfying clinical results.

scholarly journals Environmental and Economic Analysis of FDM, SLS and MJF Additive Manufacturing Technologies

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Tagliaferri ◽  
Federica Trovalusci ◽  
Stefano Guarino ◽  
Simone Venettacci
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the authors present a comparative analysis of different additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for high-performance components. Four 3D printers, currently available on the Italian national manufacturing market and belonging to three different AM technologies, were considered. The analysis focused on technical aspects to highlight the characteristics and performance limits of each technology, economic aspects to allow for an assessment of the costs associated with the different processes, and environmental aspects to focus on the impact of the production cycles associated with these technologies on the ecosystem, resources and human health. This study highlighted the current limits of additive manufacturing technologies in terms of production capacity in the case of large-scale production of plastic components, especially large ones. At the same time, this study highlights how the geometry of the object to be developed greatly influences the optimal choice between the various AM technologies, in both technological and economic terms. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the technology that exhibits the greatest limitations hindering mass production due to production times and costs, but also due to the associated environmental impact.

scholarly journals Ablative Laser Structuring for Stretchable Multilayer and Multi-Material Electronics and Sensor Systems

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Simon P. Stier ◽  
Holger Böse
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Thermoplastic Polymers ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Liquid Silicone

Conventional machining and shaping processes for polymers and elastomers such as injection molding exhibit significant disadvantages, as specific tools have to be manufactured, the method of machining is highly dependent on the material properties, and the cost of automation is usually high. Therefore, additive manufacturing processes (3D printing) have established themselves as an alternative. This eliminates the expensive production of tools and the production is individualized. However, the specific (additive) manufacturing process remains highly dependent on the properties of the material. These processes include selective laser sintering (SLS) for powdered thermoplastic polymers and metals, extrusion such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) for thermoplastic polymers in wire form, or optical curing such as digital light processing (DLP) for liquid resins. Especially for elastomer sensors or circuit boards (structure of several alternately constituted approx. 100 µm-thick elastomer films made with different types of liquid silicone rubber), there is no suitable additive manufacturing process that combines liquid, partly non-transparent source materials, multi-component printing, and very fine layer thicknesses. In order to enable a largely automated, computer-aided manufacturing process, we have developed the concept of ablative multilayer and multi-material laser-assisted manufacturing. Here, the layers (conductive and non-conductive elastomers, as well as metal layers for contacting) are first coated over the entire surface (e.g., spray, dip, or doctor blade coating, as well as galvanic coating) and then selectively removed with a CO2 or fiber laser. These steps are repeated several times to achieve a multi-layer structured design. Is it not only possible to adjust and improve the work previously carried out manually, but also to introduce completely new concepts, such as fine through-plating between the layers to enable much more compact structures to be possible. As an exemplary application, we have used the process for manufacturing a thin and surface solderable pressure sensor and a stretchable circuit board.

Mechanical Property Characterization of Additive Manufactured ABS Material Using Design of Experiment Approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adugna D. Akessa ◽  
Hirpa G. Lemu ◽  
Aboma W. Gebisa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Design Of Experiment ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Waste Energy ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Printing Parameters

Additive manufacturing technology is a process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, contrary to conventional manufacturing technologies, which mostly use subtractive process. The technology has developed from the earlier days of rapid prototyping to sophisticated rapid manufacturing in the last 20 years and can create parts directly from CAD model without the use of tooling. This technology is predicted to revolutionize many sectors of manufacturing by reducing component lead-time, material waste, energy usage, etc. Though there is significant progress in the field, there are still a number of challenges including characterization of mechanical properties. This paper presents a study conducted to characterize the mechanical properties of ABS-M30 materials whose specimens are fabricated using different printing parameters. To understand the mechanical properties, it is vital to study the effects of the printing parameters on 3D printed parts. For this purpose, Design of Experiment (DOE) is used. The printing parameters of the machine (Fortus 450mc Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) machine) such as raster orientation, air gap, and raster width, were examined to test Tensile strengths and 3-point bend strength of the tested specimens. The study shows that, raster orientation and air gap has more effect on mechanical properties of ABS-M30 products where raster width has less effect.

scholarly journals Curved Layer Fused Deposition Modeling in Conductive Polymer Additive Manufacturing

2011 ◽  
Vol 199-200 ◽  
pp. 1984-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Diegel ◽  
Sarat Singamneni ◽  
Ben Huang ◽  
Ian Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
National University ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Plastic Components ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Plastic Parts

This paper describes a curved-layer additive manufacturing technology that has the potential to print plastic components with integral conductive polymer electronic circuits. Researchers at AUT University in New Zealand and the National University of Singapore have developed a novel Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process in which the layers of material that make up the part are deposited as curved layers instead of the conventional flat layers. This technology opens up possibilities of building curved plastic parts that have conductive electronic tracks and components printed as an integral part of the plastic component, thereby eliminating printed circuit boards and wiring. It is not possible to do this with existing flat-layer additive manufacturing technologies as the continuity of a circuit could be interrupted between the layers. With curved-layer fused deposition modeling (CLFDM) this problem is removed as continuous filaments in 3 dimensions can be produced, allowing for continuous conductive circuits.

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