scholarly journals Some Considerations about the Use of Contact and Confocal Microscopy Methods in Surface Texture Measurement

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Caja García ◽  
Alfredo Sanz Lobera ◽  
Piera Maresca ◽  
Teresa Fernández Pareja ◽  
Chen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Measurement Precision ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Surface Metrology ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Texture Measurement ◽  
Complexity Of Algorithms ◽  
Parameters Calculation

Surface metrology employs various measurement techniques, among which there has been an increase of noteworthy research into non-contact optical and contact stylus methods. However, some deeper considerations about their differentiation and compatibility are still lacking and necessary. This work compares the measurement characteristics of the confocal microscope with the portable stylus profilometer instrumentation, from a metrological point of view (measurement precision and accuracy, and complexity of algorithms for data processing) and an operational view (measuring ranges, measurement speed, environmental and operational requirements, and cost). Mathematical models and algorithms for roughness parameters calculation and their associated uncertainties evaluation are developed and validated. The experimental results demonstrate that the stylus profilometer presents the most reliable measurement with the highest measurement speed and the least complex algorithms, while the image confocal method takes advantage of higher vertical and horizontal resolution when compared with the employed stylus profilometer.

scholarly journals Numerical Prediction of Background Buildup of Salinity Due to Desalination Brine Discharges into the Northern Arabian Gulf

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron C. Chow ◽  
Wilbert Verbruggen ◽  
Robin Morelissen ◽  
Yousef Al-Osairi ◽  
Poornima Ponnumani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Exchange Flow ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Desalination Plants

Brine discharges from desalination plants into low-flushing water bodies are challenging from the point of view of dilution, because of the possibility of background buildup effects that decrease the overall achievable dilution. To illustrate the background buildup effect, this paper uses the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, a shallow, reverse tidal estuary with only one outlet available for exchange flow. While desalination does not significantly affect the long-term average Gulf-wide salinity, due to the mitigating effect of the Indian Ocean Surface Water inflow, its resulting elevated salinities, as well as elevated concentrations of possible contaminants (such as heavy metals and organophosphates), can affect marine environments on a local and regional scale. To analyze the potential effect of background salinity buildup on dilutions achievable from discharge locations in the northern Gulf, a 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D) was used to simulate brine discharges from a single hypothetical source location along the Kuwaiti shoreline, about 900 km from the Strait of Hormuz. Using nested grids with a horizontal resolution, comparable to a local tidal excursion (250 m), far field dilutions of about 28 were computed for this discharge location. With this far field dilution, to achieve a total dilution of 20, the near field dilution (achievable using a submerged diffuser) would need to be increased to approximately 70. Conversely, the background build-up means that a near field dilution of 20 yields a total dilution of only about 12.

An Average Wavelength Parameter for Surface Metrology

1972 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Spragg ◽  
D J Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Surface Metrology ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Texture Measurement ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Average Wavelength

The new International Standard for the assessment of surface texture is based on the Arithmetic Average Height Index Ra. This parameter, although extremely valuable for quality control in manufacture, takes little or no account of the openness or closeness of the texture. Recently an additional parameter, the Average Wavelength Λa has been defined which is wavelength conscious and which supplements the information given by Ra. This paper shows how this new parameter can be derived and measured, and gives some practical examples of the application to surface texture measurement.

scholarly journals Contingent Valuation Method and the beta model: an accounting economic vision for environmental damage in Atlântico Sul Shipyard

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (77) ◽  
pp. 266-282
Author(s):  
Silvana Karina de Melo Travassos ◽  
José Carlos de Lacerda Leite ◽  
Jose Isidio de Freitas Costa
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Beta Regression ◽  
Accounting Measurement ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Beta Regression Model

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to apply the beta model as an alternative to the Valuation Method in order to estimate the environmental asset Willingness to Pay (WTP) so that the Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Pernambuco (TCE/PE) can supervise the Atlântico Sul Shipyard (ASS) as a negative environmental externality, which is discussed here from an accounting perspective. Our methodology is exploratory, and the beta regression model was used in the contingent valuation to estimate the environmental asset. The results allowed estimating the value of the Ipojuca mangrove at US$ 134,079,793.50, and the value of the environmental damage caused by the shipyard to the public asset was valued at US$ 61,378,155.37. This latter value is object of interest to the inspection body. However, the final estimated value of the Ipojuca mangrove prompts a discussion about the implications from an accounting point of view, such as the attribution of monetary value to a public asset that does not have a financial value, problems regarding the conceptualization and valuation of public assets for governmental patrimony. It is concluded that the beta regression model to estimate the WTP for contingent valuation will serve as a contribution to the research on accounting measurement techniques for public assets.

Fractal analysis of a new generation of HVOF sprayed coatings based on optical surface metrology

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Zou ◽  
Markus Kästner ◽  
Eduard Reithmeier
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Fractal Analysis ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Surface Metrology ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Sprayed Coatings

AbstractIn this article, fractal analysis combined with roughness measurement is proposed to characterize the new generations of HVOF sprayed coatings' surface textures. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional box counting algorithms are introduced to determine the fractal dimension, which is considered as a scale-invariant parameter and is able to describe chaos and complexity of the surface. For surface roughness metrology, a confocal laser scanning microscope with different lenses is used to acquire the areal topography, providing a sequence of height maps with different image resolutions. Typical areal roughness parameters are assessed based on the international standard ISO-25178. The results show that the fractal dimension is a powerful tool to depict the nature of the surface texture of the investigated coatings. Moreover, it is found that the traditional amplitude roughness parameters depend strongly on the range of the measurement field as well as the datasets' resolution, whereas the fractal dimension is rather invariant to the scales of the measured datasets. Finally, the correlation between the fractal dimension and roughness parameters is given at the end of this paper.

scholarly journals Accomplishments of the MUSICA project to provide accurate, long-term, global and high-resolution observations of tropospheric {H<sub>2</sub>O,<i>δ</i>D} pairs – a review

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845-2875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schneider ◽  
Andreas Wiegele ◽  
Sabine Barthlott ◽  
Yenny González ◽  
Emanuel Christner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Middle Infrared

Abstract. In the lower/middle troposphere, {H2O,δD} pairs are good proxies for moisture pathways; however, their observation, in particular when using remote sensing techniques, is challenging. The project MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) addresses this challenge by integrating the remote sensing with in situ measurement techniques. The aim is to retrieve calibrated tropospheric {H2O,δD} pairs from the middle infrared spectra measured from ground by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometers of the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) and the thermal nadir spectra measured by IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) aboard the MetOp satellites. In this paper, we present the final MUSICA products, and discuss the characteristics and potential of the NDACC/FTIR and MetOp/IASI {H2O,δD} data pairs. First, we briefly resume the particularities of an {H2O,δD} pair retrieval. Second, we show that the remote sensing data of the final product version are absolutely calibrated with respect to H2O and δD in situ profile references measured in the subtropics, between 0 and 7 km. Third, we reveal that the {H2O,δD} pair distributions obtained from the different remote sensors are consistent and allow distinct lower/middle tropospheric moisture pathways to be identified in agreement with multi-year in situ references. Fourth, we document the possibilities of the NDACC/FTIR instruments for climatological studies (due to long-term monitoring) and of the MetOp/IASI sensors for observing diurnal signals on a quasi-global scale and with high horizontal resolution. Fifth, we discuss the risk of misinterpreting {H2O,δD} pair distributions due to incomplete processing of the remote sensing products.

Multiscale similarity characterization of abraded surfaces

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (10) ◽  
pp. 1473-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bigerelle ◽  
M Dalla-Costa ◽  
D Najjar
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Roughness Profile ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Parameters Calculation

Many surface properties are related to their topography. The characteristics of an engineering surface can be recorded as a roughness profile characterized by calculation of roughness parameters. The supposed relevant parameters are used to characterize the surface and to tailor similar surfaces with the same characteristics. The aim of this paper is to propose an alternative method based on information theory to avoid roughness parameters calculation in quantifying the similarity of two roughness profiles. The relevance of this method is emphasized using experimental profiles.

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