scholarly journals Role of Surfactants in the Properties of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Purified Clay Nanocomposites

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine dos Santos ◽  
Marcus Fook ◽  
Oscar Malta ◽  
Suédina de Lima Silva ◽  
Itamara Leite
Keyword(s):  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Phosphonium Salts ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Alkyl Ammonium ◽  
Pet Crystallization

Purified clay was modified with different amounts of alkyl ammonium and phosphonium salts and used as filler in the preparation of PET nanocomposites via melt intercalation. The effect of this type of filler on morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of PET nanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TG), tensile properties, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the mixture of alkyl ammonium and phosphonium salts favored the production of PET nanocomposites with intercalated and partially exfoliated morphologies with slight improvement in thermal stability. In addition, the incorporation of these organoclays tended to inhibit PET crystallization behavior, which is profitable in the production of transparent bottles.

In Situ High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Modified Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
T. Blanton ◽  
R. Seyler
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Pet Crystallization

The effect of dimethyl-5-sodiosulfoisophthalate, SIP, on poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, crystallization has been studied using in situ high-temperature x-ray diffraction, HTXRD. At low levels of SIP modification, PET-like crystallinity was observed. At high SIP levels, clustering of polyester ionomers was observed and crystallization was significantly suppressed. The HTXRD data along with differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, and small angle x-ray scattering, SAXS, indicate that the change from bulk crystallization to bulk ionomer formation occurred when 8-12 mol% of the diester linkages contained SIP.

scholarly journals The effect of attapulgite on crystallization behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Attapulgite (AT) nano composites

e-Polymers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Xufen ◽  
Chen Dajun
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Nucleating Agent ◽  
Avrami Equation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene

AbstractPoly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Attapulgite (AT) nanocomposites were prepared via in-situ polymerization. According to the observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attapulgite is well dispersed in the PET matrix in a nanometer scale. The influence of attapulgite content on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics was studied using a classical Avrami equation with Jeziorny method. The crystalline structures of the pure PET and PET/AT nanocomposites with different amount of AT (0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. It was found that the crystallization temperature for PET/AT nanocomposites with 0.2% and 0.5% content of AT were higher than pure PET and the rate of crystallization of all PET/AT nanocomposite samples increased significantly which indicated that attapulgite could be used as an effective nucleating agent in PET. However, with the addition of AT, smaller crystalline size, more crystalline defects and lower degree of crystallization was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Study Structure and Properties of Nanocomposite Material Based on Unsaturated Polyester with Clay Modified by Poly(ethylene oxide)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Duy Thanh ◽  
Nguyen Dang Mao ◽  
Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan ◽  
Ha Thuc Chi Nhan ◽  
Ha Thuc Huy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Hydrophobic Nature ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Alkyl Ammonium

In recent years, polymer clay nanocomposites have been attracting considerable interests in polymers science because of their advantages. There are many scientists who researched about this kind of material and demonstrated that when polymer matrix was added to little weight of clay, properties were enhanced considerably. Because clay is a hydrophilic substance so it is difficult to use as filler in polymer matrix having hydrophobic nature, so clay needs to be modified to become compatible with polymer. In this study, poly(ethylene oxide) was used as a new modifier for clay to replace some traditional ionic surfactants such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary alkyl ammonium or alkylphosphonium cations having the following disadvantages: disintegrate at high temperature, catalyze polymer degradation, and make nanoproducts colorific, and so forth. In order to evaluate modifying effect of poly(ethylene oxide), modified clay products were characterize d by X-ray spectrum. Then organoclay was used to prepare nanocomposite based on unsaturated polyester. Morphology and properties of nanocomposites were measure d by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, tensile strength, and thermal stability. The results showed that clay galleries changed to intercalated state in the nanocomposites. Properties of nanocomposites were improved a lot when the loading of the organoclay was used at 1 phr.

scholarly journals Biobased Engineering Thermoplastics: Poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niki Poulopoulou ◽  
George Kantoutsis ◽  
Dimitrios N. Bikiaris ◽  
Dimitris S. Achilias ◽  
Maria Kapnisti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reactive Blending ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Melt Polycondensation ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Furandicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Poly Propylene

Poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) constitutes a new engineering polyester produced from renewable resources, as it is synthesized from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), both formed from sugars coming from biomass. In this research, initially high-molecular-weight PBF was synthesized by applying the melt polycondensation method and using the dimethylester of FDCA as the monomer. Furthermore, five different series of PBF blends were prepared, namely poly(l-lactic acid)–poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PLA–PBF), poly(ethylene terephthalate)–poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PET–PBF), poly(propylene terephthalate)–poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PPT–PBF), poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate)-poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBN–PBF), and polycarbonate–poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PC–PBF), by dissolving the polyesters in a trifluoroacetic acid/chloroform mixture (1/4 v/v) followed by coprecipitation as a result of adding the solutions into excess of cold methanol. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns of the as-prepared blends showed that mixtures of crystals of the blend components were formed, except for PC which did not crystallize. In general, a lower degree of crystallinity was observed at intermediate compositions. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating scans for the melt-quenched samples proved homogeneity in the case of PET–PBF blends. In the remaining cases, the blend components showed distinct Tgs. In PPT–PBF blends, there was a shift of the Tgs to intermediate values, showing some partial miscibility. Reactive blending proved to improve compatibility of the PBN–PBF blends.

scholarly journals Structure and Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fiber Webs Prepared via Laser-Electrospinning and Subsequent Annealing Processes

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5783
Author(s):  
Tomoki Tokuda ◽  
Ryo Tsuruda ◽  
Takuya Hara ◽  
Haruki Kobayashi ◽  
Katsufumi Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Fiber Axis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Melt Electrospinning ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Uniform Diameter ◽  
High Orientation

Melt-electrospinning is an eco-friendly method for producing ultra-fine fibers without using any solvent. We prepared webs of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) through melt-electrospinning using CO2 laser irradiation for heating. The PET webs comprised ultra-fine fibers of uniform diameter (average fiber diameter = 1.66 μm, coefficient of variation = 19%). The co-existence of fibers with high and low molecular orientation was confirmed through birefringence measurements. Although the level of high orientation corresponded to that of commercial highly oriented yarn, crystalline diffraction was not observed in the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis of the webs. The crystallinity of the webs was estimated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fibers with higher birefringence did not exhibit any cold crystallization peak. After annealing the web at 116 °C for 5 min, a further increase in the birefringence of the fibers with higher orientation was observed. The WAXD results revealed that the annealed webs showed crystalline diffraction peaks with the orientation of the c-axis along the fiber axis. In summary, the formation of fibers with a unique non-crystalline structure with extremely high orientation was confirmed.

Alloy Effects And Extended Solubilities In Binary Mixtures Of Nanometer-Sized Fe-Cu Crystals

1991 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eckert ◽  
R. Birringer ◽  
J. C. Holzer ◽  
C. E. Krill ◽  
W. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Alloy Formation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
20 Nm

ABSTRACTBinary mixtures of Fe-Cu powders in the range of 10–95 at.% Fe have been prepared by mechanical alloying and investigated by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The final grain sizes of the powders vary between 6 and 20 nm, and depend on the composition of the material. Indications for the formation of single-phase alloys with up to 60 at.% Fe in Cu and 20 at.% Cu in Fe have been found although the Fe-Cu system exhibits only vanishingly small solid solubilities under equilibrium conditions. Between 60 at.% and 80 at.% Fe a two-phase region of fee and bec solid solutions exists. Alloy formation is discussed with respect to the thermodynamic conditions of the material. The influence of the large grain boundary fraction, as well as the role of internal strains and stored enthalpies introduced by ball milling, is critically assessed.

scholarly journals High Thermal Stability, High Tensile Strength, and Good Water Barrier Property of Terpolyester Containing Biobased Monomer for Next-Generation Smart Film Application: Synthesis and Characterization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaemin Jeong ◽  
Fiaz Hussain ◽  
Sangwon Park ◽  
Soo-Jung Kang ◽  
Jinhwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Flexible Devices ◽  
Water Barrier ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene

This research synthesizes novel copolyester (PCITN) containing biobased isosorbide, 1,4-cyclohexandimethanol, terephthalic acid, and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and characterize its properties. The PCITN copolyester was extruded into film, and its performance properties including: tensile strength, Young’s modulus, thermal, dimensional stability, barrier (water barrier), and optical (birefringence and transmittance) were analyzed after uniaxial stretching. The films have higher Tg, Tm, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties than other polyester-type polymers, and these performance properties are significantly increased with increasing stretching. This is due to the increased orientation of molecular chains inside the films, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and birefringence results. Good water barrier (0.54%) and lower birefringence (△n: 0.09) of PCITN film compared to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN), and polyimide (PI) films, used as conventional substrate materials for optical devices, make it an ideal candidate as performance material for next-generation flexible devices.

scholarly journals Polyamide 66/Brazilian Clay Nanocomposites

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Araújo ◽  
K. D. Araujo ◽  
R. A. Paz ◽  
T. R. Gouveia ◽  
R. Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polyamide 66 ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organically Modified

Polyamide 66 (PA66)/Brazilian clay nanocomposites were produced via direct melt intercalation. A montmorillonite sample from the Brazilian state of Paraíba was organically modified with esthearildimethylammonium chloride (Praepagen), quaternary ammonium salt and has been tested to be used in polymer nanocomposites. The dispersion analysis and the interlayer spacing of the clay particles in matrix were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal behavior of the obtained systems was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), and heat deflection temperature (HDT) was reported too. The nanocomposites exhibited a partially exfoliated structure, very interesting HDT values which are higher than those of pure PA66, and good thermal stability.

scholarly journals Crystallization and Microstructure Evolution of Microinjection Molded Isotactic Polypropylene with the Assistance of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Zhongguo Zhao ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Qi Yang ◽  
Taotao Ai ◽  
Shikui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotactic Polypropylene ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Hybrid Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Microinjection Molding ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Poly Ethylene

In this work, a series of isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (iPP/PET) samples were prepared by microinjection molding (μIM) and mini-injection molding (IM). The properties of the samples were investigated in detail by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), Polarized light microscope (PLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the difference in thermomechanical history between both processing methods leads to the formation of different microstructures in corresponding iPP/PET moldings. For example, the dispersed spherical PET phase deforms and emerges into continuous in-situ microfibrils due to the intensive shearing flow field and temperature field in μIM. Additionally, the incorporation of PET facilitates both the laminar branching and the reservation of oriented molecular chains, thereby leading to forming a typical hybrid structure (i.e., fan-shaped β-crystals and transcrystalline). Furthermore, more compact and higher degrees of oriented structure can be obtained via increasing the content of PET. Such hybrid structure leads to a remarkable enhancement of mechanical property in terms of μIM samples.

scholarly journals Structure evolution and mechanical behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers drawn at different number of drawing stages

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminoddin Haji ◽  
Semnani Rahbar
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Initial Modulus ◽  
Poly Ethylene

In this work, the structure, mechanical and thermal properties of PET fiber obtained by hot multi-stage drawing have been investigated in terms of their dependence on the number of drawing steps at an equivalent total draw ratio. Differential scanning calorimetry, birefringence, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, tensile properties, and taut-tie molecules were used to characterize the fine structure and physical properties of the fibers. Results have been explained in terms of a higher drawing residence time at an equivalent drawing speed. For single stage drawn fiber, a high tensile strength is obtained, whereas a high initial modulus is obtained for fiber drawn at three-stage drawing. According to the results, an important finding is that three-stage drawing process has the potential to produce high-modulus fibers. The enhanced fraction of taut-tie molecules is found in three-stage drawn fiber, which is believed to be one of the important factors leading to the high modulus achieved in fibers drawn in hot multistage.

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