scholarly journals Combustion Behaviors of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules from Cone Calorimeter Tests

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Yin ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Rong Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Ventilation Condition ◽  
Cigs Thin Film ◽  
Condition Effect ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Combustion Behaviors ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

As is well known, building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology is becoming more commonly used in residential and commercial buildings. Fire assessment of photovoltaic (PV) modules as a whole is still insufficient. This work focuses on the thermal properties and combustion behavior of CIGS (copper, indium, gallium and selenium) thin-film modules. Cone calorimeter experiments were conducted at different external heat flux of 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 kW m−2. Several parameters are discussed, including surface temperature, ignition time, heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. The results show that CIGS thin-film solar modules are inflammable at intermediate or high flashover risk. A correction calculation for the gas toxicity index has been used to reduce the well-ventilation condition effect. Compared with the uncorrected calculation, peak fractional effective dose (FED) and lethal concentration for 50% of the population (LC50) are almost double. This work will help to determine a more stringent fire safety provision for PV modules.

scholarly journals Moisture Absorption and Desorption in an Ionomer-Based Encapsulant: A Type of Self-Breathing Encapsulant for CIGS Thin-Film PV Modules

Engineering ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1403-1407
Author(s):  
Miao Yang ◽  
Raymund Schäffler ◽  
Tobias Repmann ◽  
Kay Orgassa
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Cigs Thin Film ◽  
Pv Modules

Experimental study on fire behaviors of flexible photovoltaic panels using a cone calorimeter

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Ju ◽  
Xiaodong Zhou ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
Fei Peng ◽  
Lizhong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Photovoltaic Panel ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Fire Properties

Photovoltaic arrays are mounted on the surfaces of modern buildings to harness renewable energy. When a building catches fire, burning photovoltaic panels could worsen an already very hazardous environment. This work deals with the effect of building flame radiation on the fire behaviors of flexible photovoltaic panel installed in building-integrated photovoltaic systems. Cone calorimeter tests were conducted in air with a piloted ignition. The influence of heat flux on photovoltaic fire properties was studied. Several characteristic parameters are systematically determined or calculated, including ignition time, critical heat flux, mass loss rate, gasification heat, heat release rate, and effective heat of combustion. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry test was conducted to identify the decomposition mechanism. The comparison of fire properties of photovoltaic and polyethylene terephthalate + tedlar-polyester-tedlar and thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry analysis reveal that polyethylene terephthalate is the main component responsible for decomposition and burning of flexible photovoltaic panel.

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of CIGS Thin Film PV Modules Using Thermography Analysis and IV Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Khaled H. Ibrahim ◽  
Reham Ahmed Eltuhamy ◽  
Mohamed Rady ◽  
Haitham A. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Cigs Thin Film ◽  
Pv Modules

scholarly journals In-field monitoring of eight photovoltaic plants: degradation rate along seven years of continuous operation

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Carullo ◽  
Antonella Castellana ◽  
Alberto Vallan ◽  
Alessandro Ciocia ◽  
Filippo Spertino
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Cigs Thin Film ◽  
Copper Indium ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Photovoltaic Plants ◽  
Silicon Based

<p class="Abstract">The results of more than seven years (October 2010-December 2017) of continuous monitoring are presented in this paper. Eight outdoor photovoltaic (PV) plants were monitored. The monitored plants use different technologies: mono-crystalline silicon (m-Si), poli-crystalline silicon (p-Si), string ribbon silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), thin film, and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film. The thin-film and m-Si modules are used both in fixed installations and on x-y tracking systems. The results are expressed in terms of the degradation rate of the efficiency of each PV plant, which is estimated using the measurements provided by a multi-channel data acquisition system that senses both electrical and environmental quantities. A comparison with the electrical characterization of each plant obtained by means of the transient charge of a capacitive load is also made. In addition, three of the monitored plants are characterized at module level, and the estimated degradation rates are compared to the values obtained with the monitoring system. The main outcome of this work can be summarized as the higher degradation rate of thin-film based PV modules with respect to silicon-based PV modules.</p>

Evaluation of Different Flame Retardant Combinations for Core/Shell Structured Wood-Plastic Composites by Using a Cone Calorimeter

2015 ◽  
Vol 1120-1121 ◽  
pp. 535-544
Author(s):  
Marina Nikolaeva ◽  
Timo Kärki
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Shell Layer ◽  
Natural Graphite ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

The fire retardancy of coextruded wood-plastic composites (WPCs) containing melamine, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), natural graphite, expandable graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the shell layer was characterized with a cone calorimeter test. A coextruded composite manufactured without any fire retardant (FR) in the shell layer was used as a reference. The incorporation of different combinations of FRs in the shell layers of WPCs reduced the peak heat release rate by 3-43%, depending on the FR combination. Other studied parameters, such as ignition time, total heat release and mass loss rate were improved after FR systems loading. The best improvement of flammability characteristics was observed with melamine/natural graphite combinations, whereas the melamine/expandable graphite system resulted only in slight improvement of the studied parameters. However, it should be noted that the amount of expandable graphite loading was 2-4 times lower than the amount of natural graphite loadings. Incorporation of 2 wt.% CNTs in the shell layer did not show any significant improvement in the studied parameters. The total smoke release and carbon monoxide production were increased with melamine/APP loading in the shell layer.

Experimental Studies of Fire from CIGS Thin Film Solar Module Back

2018 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 374-377
Author(s):  
Lu Lu Yin ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Rong Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Electrical Failure ◽  
Cigs Thin Film ◽  
Copper Indium ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽  
Combustion Behaviors

With the building integrated photovoltaic commonly using in residential and commercial buildings, fire researches about this new renewable energy system are still insufficient. Electrical failure may bring local fever at the backside of the module. In order to investigate fire potential in this situation, bench-scale experiments based on the cone calorimeter are conducted with different external heat flux from 20 to 45kWm-2 at intervals of 5 kWm-2. This paper focuses on the thermal properties and combustion behaviors of copper–indium–gallium–diselenide (CIGS) thin-film solar module, and also discusses the gas toxicity.

scholarly journals Novel Features Extraction for Fault Detection Using Thermography Characteristics and IV Measurements of CIGS Thin-Film Module

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-325
Author(s):  
Reham A. Eltuhamy ◽  
Mohamed Rady ◽  
Khaled H. Ibrahim ◽  
Haitham A. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Fault Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Cigs Thin Film ◽  
Copper Indium ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Types Of Faults ◽  
Copper Indium Gallium

Regarding the fault diagnosis of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) PV modules, previously published articles focused on employing statistical analysis of thermography images. This approach failed in many cases to distinguish among fault types. This article presents a novel methodology to diagnose and predict faults of thin-film CIGS PV modules using infrared thermography analysis combined with measurements of I-V characteristics. The proposed methodology encompasses a comprehensive site work to capture images that cover many fault types of the PV module under study. The novelty of the technique depends on utilizing processing and analysis of the captured images using new proposed mathematical parameters to extract different faults’ features. Using I-V measurements combined with thermography analysis, the differences between different types of faults are detected. Then, a general classification matrix of CIGS fault detection and diagnosis, using features based on mathematical parameters and IV measurements has been established. Results show that the analysis of the temperature distribution is proved to be insufficient to identify specific modes of different faults. In addition, the proposed procedure for fault detection and classification, which depends on the pattern of faults, can be used for any type of PV module. This results in more reliance on the proposed technique to increase the confidence level of fault detection.

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