scholarly journals Apocope in Heritage Italian

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Anissa Baird ◽  
Angela Cristiano ◽  
Naomi Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Relevant Factors

Apocope (deletion of word-final vowels) and word-final vowel reduction are hallmarks of southern Italian varieties. To investigate whether heritage speakers reproduce the complex variable patterns of these processes, we analyze spontaneous speech of three generations of heritage Calabrian Italian speakers and a homeland comparator sample. All occurrences (N = 2477) from a list of frequent polysyllabic words are extracted from 25 speakers’ interviews and analyzed via mixed effects models. Tested predictors include: vowel identity, phonological context, clausal position, lexical frequency, word length, gender, generation, ethnic orientation and age. Homeland and heritage speakers exhibit similar distributions of full, reduced and deleted forms, but there are inter-generational differences in the constraints governing the variation. Primarily linguistic factors condition the variation. Homeland variation in reduction shows sensitivity to part of speech, while heritage speakers show sensitivity to segmental context and part of speech. Slightly different factors influence apocope, with suprasegmental factors and part of speech significant for homeland speakers, but only part of speech for heritage speakers. Surprisingly, for such a socially marked feature, few social factors are relevant. Factors influencing reduction and apocope are similar, suggesting the processes are related.

scholarly journals Exploring the learning burden and decay of foreign language vocabulary knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Barclay ◽  
Ana Pellicer-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Form Recognition

Abstract Research has shown that several intralexical factors affect the learning burden of foreign language vocabulary (e.g., Laufer, 1997) and that some accrued lexical knowledge is forgotten. It is often assumed that the lexical items most difficult to acquire are those easiest to forget. However, few studies have provided empirical evidence to support this claim. This study examined the effect of two intralexical factors, part of speech and word length, on the learning burden and decay of intentionally learned foreign language lexical knowledge, as well as the role that learning burden played in the decay process. Forty-eight learners of English studied words of various parts of speech and lengths using flashcard software. Knowledge (form recall and recognition) of target items was assessed immediately after learning and four weeks later. Results of mixed-effects models showed that part of speech and word length have differential impacts on learning burden and decay and that increased burden mitigated loss of form recognition knowledge.

The alternative negative constructions in spoken and written Korean: Logistic regression analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-442
Author(s):  
Beom-mo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Relevant Factors

AbstractAdopting quantitative corpus-based methods, this paper focuses on the alternative negative constructions in Korean, [anV] and [Vanhda]. Logistic regression analyses for a mixed-effects model were carried out on data drawn from the Sejong Korean Corpus. Certain features of the verb or adjective in negative constructions significantly affect the use of the two negative constructions. A relevant factor is register/medium (spoken or written), among other significant interactions of factors. Furthermore, the fact that frequency is consistent with other relevant factors, together with certain diachronic facts of Korean, supports the claim that frequency of use plays an important role in linguistic changes. Another finding is that, notwithstanding noticeable differences between spoken and written language, the factors influencing the use of the two negative constructions in Korean are largely similar in the spoken and written registers.

Study of Women who DID not Respond to Screening for Cervical Cancer

1979 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Berrino ◽  
Liliana Chiappa ◽  
Silvana Oliverio ◽  
Paolo Todeschin ◽  
Enrico Turolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Population Response ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Relevant Factors

Demographic and social factors influencing the population response to cervical screening programs have been studied. Age, marital status and, to a lesser extent, place of birth and socio-economic status were the most relevant factors. On the other hand, the reasons for nonparticipation were mainly the lack of information and motivation. Personal invitations, the recall of women who did not present on the first call, and the setting up of decentralized smear collection clinics proved to be useful tools to increase attendance.

Tapeworm discovery in elasmobranch fishes: quantifying patterns and identifying their correlates

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haseeb S. Randhawa ◽  
Robert Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Elasmobranch Species ◽  
Elasmobranch Fishes ◽  
Latitudinal Range

Most parasites from known host species are yet to be discovered and described, let alone those from host species not yet known to science. Here, we use tapeworms of elasmobranchs to identify factors influencing their discovery and explaining the time lag between the descriptions of elasmobranch hosts and their respective tapeworm parasites. The dataset included 918 tapeworm species from 290 elasmobranch species. Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models. Our findings indicated that we are currently in the midst of the greatest rate of discovery for tapeworms exploiting elasmobranchs. We identified tapeworm size, year of discovery of the type host, host latitudinal range and type locality of the parasite influencing most on the probability of discovery of tapeworms from elasmobranchs and the average time lag between descriptions of elasmobranchs and their tapeworms. The time lag between descriptions is decreasing progressively, but, at current rates and number of taxonomic experts, it will take two centuries to clear the backlog of undescribed tapeworms from known elasmobranch species. Given that the number of new elasmobranch species described each year is on the rise, we need to re-assess funding strategies to save elasmobranchs (and, thus, their tapeworm parasites) before they go extinct.

The Role of Lexical Associations and Overgeneralizations in Heritage Spanish Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Chappell
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Group I ◽  
New Information

Heritage speakers exhibit a tendency to overgeneralize morphological paradigms in their production, but little is known about their perception, and the present study seeks to better understand how heritage speakers process new information in their home language. To this end, 119 listeners from different language backgrounds evaluated the number of syllables in 70 nonce words, all four-syllable paroxytone nonce words with an initial obstruent + vowel + flap sequence, with the first vowel presented at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of its original duration. Two types of word endings were used: -fono, designed to be reminiscent of the word teléfono, a high frequency four-syllable word, and -pine, which does not clearly prime any existing Spanish words, e.g. teréfono and terépine, respectively. Cumulative link mixed effects models fitted to 119 participants’ evaluations (N = 32,619) show that heritage speakers evaluate nonce words ending in -fono as four syllables significantly more than words ending in -pine (p < 0.001), but no word-ending effect was found for any other language group. I contend that heritage speakers filter new information in their heritage language through existing knowledge more rigidly than other Spanish speakers, and these overgeneralizations in perception parallel heritage speakers’ overgeneralizations in production.

Word skipping during the lexical acquisition process

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096729
Author(s):  
Michael A Eskenazi ◽  
Paige Kemp ◽  
Jocelyn R Folk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
Spelling Skill ◽  
Word Skipping ◽  
Semantic Acquisition ◽  
Novel Words

During reading, most words are identified in the fovea through a direct fixation; however, readers also identify some words in the parafovea without directly fixating them. This word skipping process is influenced by many lexical and visual factors including word length, launch position, frequency, and predictability. Although these factors are well understood, there is some disagreement about the process that leads to word skipping and the degree to which skipped words are processed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the word skipping process when readers are exposed to novel words in an incidental lexical acquisition paradigm. Participants read 18 three-letter novel words (i.e., pru, cho) in three different informative contexts each while their eye movements were monitored. They then completed a surprise test of their orthographic and semantic acquisition and a spelling skill assessment. Mixed-effects models indicated that participants learned spellings and meanings of words at the same rate regardless of the number of times that they were skipped. However, word skipping rates increased across the three exposures and reading times decreased. Results indicate that readers appear to process skipped words to the same degree as fixated words. However, this may be due to a more cautious skipping process used during lexical acquisition of unfamiliar words compared to processing of already known words.

The Effect of Player Contact Characteristics on Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football Games

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Daniella M. DiGuglielmo ◽  
Mireille E. Kelley ◽  
Mark A. Espeland ◽  
Zachary A. Gregory ◽  
Tanner D. Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Rotational Acceleration ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Impact Data

To reduce head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football, further understanding of the context in which head impacts occur and the associated biomechanics is needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of contact characteristics on HIE during player versus player contact scenarios in youth football. Head impact data and time-synchronized video were collected from 4 youth football games over 2 seasons in which opposing teams were instrumented with the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. Coded contact characteristics included the player’s role in the contact, player speed and body position, contact height, type, and direction, and head contact surface. Head accelerations were compared among the contact characteristics using mixed-effects models. Among 72 instrumented athletes, 446 contact scenarios (n = 557 impacts) with visible opposing instrumented players were identified. When at least one player had a recorded impact, players who were struck tended to have higher rotational acceleration than players in striking positions. When both players had a recorded impact, lighter players and taller players experienced higher mean head accelerations compared with heavier players and shorter players. Understanding the factors influencing HIE during contact events in football may help inform methods to reduce head injury risk.

Prosodic Factors Influencing Vowel Reduction in Russian

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniil Kocharov ◽  
Tatiana Kachkovskaia ◽  
Pavel Skrelin
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Factors Influencing
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