scholarly journals They Talk Muṯumuṯu: Variable Elision of Tense Suffixes in Contemporary Pitjantjatjara

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Sasha Wilmoth ◽  
Rebecca Defina ◽  
Debbie Loakes
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Place Of Articulation

Vowel elision is common in Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara connected speech. It also appears to be a locus of language change, with young people extending elision to new contexts; resulting in a distinctive style of speech which speakers refer to as muṯumuṯu (‘short’ speech). This study examines the productions of utterance-final past tense suffixes /-nu, -ɳu, -ŋu/ by four older and four younger Pitjantjatjara speakers in spontaneous speech. This is a context where elision tends not to be sociolinguistically or perceptually salient. We find extensive variance within and between speakers in the realization of both the vowel and nasal segments. We also find evidence of a change in progress, with a mixed effects model showing that among the older speakers, elision is associated with both the place of articulation of the nasal segment and the metrical structure of the verbal stem, while among the younger speakers, elision is associated with place of articulation but metrical structure plays little role. This is in line with a reanalysis of the conditions for elision by younger speakers based on the variability present in the speech of older people. Such a reanalysis would also account for many of the sociolinguistically marked extended contexts of elision.

Escaping the Trap: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-398
Author(s):  
Anja Thiel ◽  
Aaron J. Dinkin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Time Change ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Small City ◽  
Northern Cities Shift ◽  
Northern Cities

AbstractWe examine the loss of the Northern Cities Shift raising of trap in Ogdensburg, a small city in rural northern New York. Although data from 2008 showed robust trap-raising among young people in Ogdensburg, in data collected in 2016 no speakers clear the 700-Hz threshold for NCS participation in F1 of trap—a seemingly very rapid real-time change. We find apparent-time change in style-shifting: although older people raise trap more in wordlist reading than in spontaneous speech, younger people do the opposite. We infer that increasing negative evaluation of the feature led Ogdensburg speakers to collectively abandon raising trap between 2008 and 2016. This indicates a role for communal change in the transition of a dialect feature from an indicator to a marker.

Dynamics of Short a in Montreal and Quebec City English

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Michael Friesner ◽  
Laura Kastronic ◽  
Jeffrey Lamontagne
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Canadian English

This study compares the effects of city and ethnicity with respect to Quebec English speakers’ participation in two ongoing changes affecting /æ/ in Canadian English: retraction as part of the Canadian Shift and tensing in prenasal environments. Quebec English speakers might be expected to differ in their behavior with regard to these two phenomena as compared to other Canadian English speakers. Based on an analysis of Cartesian distances and a mixed-effects model using spontaneous speech, the authors find that Quebec English speakers are less advanced with respect to the Canadian Shift, especially speakers from Quebec City. For tensing, British-origin speakers from Montreal and Quebec City are found to pattern similarly, participating in the more widespread patterning, while Jewish and Italian speakers are moving in the opposite direction. The authors argue that this move away from characteristically Canadian patterns is an artefact of the interplay between the two phenomena under study, reflective of differential replication of the Canadian Shift in the two environments.

Dreams and Age

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 925-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Zanasi ◽  
Simone De Peris ◽  
Manlio Caporali ◽  
Alberto Siracusano
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Processing Techniques

This work evaluated the association of age and dream reports. The verbal reports of 148 dreams of elderly people ( M age = 75.8 yr.) were compared with 151 dreams of a group of young people ( M age = 22.0). The dreams were analyzed according to the Jungian vision (which looks at the dream as a text produced by the dreamer's unconscious while sleeping), using processing techniques derived from textual analysis. Significant differences were found between the number of words denoting emotion, with the young people reporting more explicit statements regarding emotional states. Significant differences were found also in use of verb tenses. When older people explicitly expressed an emotional state in a dream text, they shifted between present and past tense more frequently than young people. A significant prevalence in the semantic field of visual sense was evident as younger subjects used more sentences referring to sight than the elderly participants.

scholarly journals A flexible nonlinear mixed effects model for HIV viral load rebound after treatment interruption

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (15) ◽  
pp. 2051-2066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Ante Bing ◽  
Cathy Wang ◽  
Yuchen Hu ◽  
Ronald J. Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Nonlinear Mixed Effects ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Viral Load Rebound

scholarly journals The Australian labour market in 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110022
Author(s):  
Elisa Birch ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
The Future

This article provides a review of the Australian labour market in 2020. It outlines the monetary and fiscal responses to COVID-19 (including JobKeeper, JobSeeker and JobMaker policies), describes trends in employment, unemployment and underemployment and summarises the Fair Work Commission’s 2020 minimum wage decision. Data show that in the year to September 2020, total monthly hours worked fell by 5.9% for males and 3.8% for females. Job loss was proportionately larger amongst young people (aged 20–29) and older people. It was also disproportionately higher in female-dominated sectors such as Accommodation and Food Services. Unlike the earlier recession (1991), when more than 90% of jobs lost were previously held by males, a significant share (around 40%) of the job loss in the 2020 recession (year to August 2020) were jobs previously held by females. Notwithstanding a pick-up in employment towards year’s end, the future remains uncertain.

scholarly journals The state of Spanish /s/ variation in Concepción, Chile: Linguistic and social trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-153
Author(s):  
Brandon M. A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Central City ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Social Demographics

AbstractThe current study examines /s/ variation in the southern-central city of Concepción, Chile and its relation to a variety of linguistic and social factors. A proportional-odds mixed effects model, with the random factor of “speaker”, was used to treat the categorically coded data on a continuum of acoustical variation ([s] > [h] > ∅). The results presented show that contrary to the previous assertions, heavy sibilant reduction, especially elision, in Concepción, Chile is the rule, rather than the exception, to the extent that it is no longer a marker of certain social demographics as has been reported previously. Furthermore, based on the trends reported, it is likely that this has been the case for several decades. Finally, the overall observed trends are indicative that the rates of /s/ elision will continue to increase across social demographics and different phonetic and phonological contexts in Concepción, Chile.

Estimating local arterial stiffness using mixed-effects model-based residuals: a novel approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Chandran ◽  
Derek W. Brown ◽  
Gabriel H. Zieff ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Daniel Credeur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Novel Approach
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