scholarly journals Environmental Justice in Accessibility to Green Infrastructure in Two European Cities

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina de Sousa Silva ◽  
Inês Viegas ◽  
Τhomas Panagopoulos ◽  
Simon Bell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Green Space

Although it is well-established that urban green infrastructure is essential to improve the population’s wellbeing, in many developed countries, the availability of green spaces is limited or its distribution around the city is uneven. Some minority groups may have less access or are deprived of access to green spaces when compared with the rest of the population. The availability of public green spaces may also be directly related to the geographical location of the city within Europe. In addition, current planning for urban regeneration and the creation of new high-quality recreational public green spaces sometimes results in projects that reinforce the paradox of green gentrification. The aim of this study was to explore the concept of environmental justice in the distribution of the public green spaces in two contrasting cities, Tartu, Estonia; and Faro, Portugal. Quantitative indicators of public green space were calculated in districts in each city. The accessibility of those spaces was measured using the “walkability” distance and grid methods. The results revealed that there was more availability and accessibility to public green spaces in Tartu than in Faro. However, inequalities were observed in Soviet-era housing block districts in Tartu, where most of the Russian minority live, while Roma communities in Faro were located in districts without access to public green space. The availability of public green spaces varied from 1.22 to 31.44 m2/inhabitant in the districts of Faro, and 1.04 to 164.07 m2/inhabitant in the districts of Tartu. In both cities, 45% of the inhabitants had accessible public green spaces within 500 m of their residence. The development of targeted new green infrastructure could increase access to 88% of the population for the city of Faro and 86% for Tartu, delivering environmental justice without provoking green gentrification. The outcome of this study provides advice to urban planners on how to balance green space distribution within city neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals Assessing Green Space Potential Accessibility through Urban Artificial Building Data in Nanjing, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9935
Author(s):  
Xindong Du ◽  
Xiaoke Zhang ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Xiaojuan Zhi ◽  
Jianyuan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Straightforward Method ◽  
Space Potential ◽  
Space Data ◽  
The City

Green spaces play an important role in improving the health and quality of life of urban residents, and environmental justice has become one of the most debated topics for scholars and governments in China. The accessibility of green space has been recognized as an effective method for the assessment of environmental justice. Population and green space are the two basic elements for evaluating green space accessibility. However, high-precision population data are difficult to obtain. To address this issue, we propose a straightforward method to assess green space accessibility using urban artificial building data and investigate how green space distribution is correlated with the population. Our analysis uses urban artificial building data and green space data from 2018 in Nanjing, China. The results show that the overall amount of green space, is not only very low, but also unevenly distributed. From the urban center to the city outskirts, the green space changed representing an M-shaped pattern, while the population sharply declined. Given the serious mismatch between the population and green space, only about 26.4% and 51.8% of Nanjing residents could access green space within 400 and 800 m, respectively, which was far below that in cities in developed countries. For residents’ wellbeing, governments must consider increasing green space provision and promoting equal access.

scholarly journals Developing Green Infrastructure for Baghdad City

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeel Kamal AbdulRazzaq ◽  
Mayasa Farkad Abdul Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Environmental System ◽  
The Public

The public green spaces in Baghdad city have an obvious shortage and doesn’t fulfill and meet the needs of the population and the required open space criteria, moreover these green spaces are disjointed, disconnected and does not function as a unified system, that is why it suffers from neglect which contributes to deterioration of the city’s environment and increasing air pollution.     Human beings depended on nature into providing clean air and good health, with the growth of the population and the urban areas, there has been negative influence on the natural environmental system. A new term lately appeared “Green Infrastructure”especially in the developed countries (USA, UK and other countries in Europe), as one form of solutions to conserve the natural environmental system of green and open spaces. Consequently this thesis depended on this new green space approach to solve the green spaces problem in Baghdad city and suggested new sites in different locations in the city to be a new green spaces connected to the existing green spaces in Baghdad. This will increase the public green space areas, accessibility to these areas and social cohesion, it will also contribute to the improvement of the city’s environment by reducing air pollution and reducing air temperature especially during the long summer season. Other economic benefits could be achieved by planning for a connected network of green spaces in Baghdad city as well.

An Analysis of the Evolution of Nanjing’s Green Space Based on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 1331-1335
Author(s):  
Hao Xu ◽  
Gang Qian
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Remote Sensing Images ◽  
Ecological Corridor ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The City ◽  
Large Decline

This paper extracted green space distribution information from multi-temporal LANDSAT multi-spectral remote sensing images to analyze the evolution of Nanjing’s green space between 1988 and 2007. The findings suggest that the current distribution of green space is not balanced and that the total area of green space has decreased over time. The trend towards fragmentation is obvious in the disproportionately large decline in medium-sized green spaces. Mountain forest and other large green spaces, however, have been better protected. Before 1998, the fragmentation was most apparent in the green spaces of the city’s inner circle. After 1998, the green space in the city’s middle circle began to suffer from the effects of severe human interference. After 2003, the outer circle of green space began to fragment and diminish as a result of urbanization, and the original ecological corridor surrounding the city collapsed.

scholarly journals The green infrastructure within the framework of a compact city concept (by example of Kyiv)

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-288
Author(s):  
Olena P. Havrylenko ◽  
Petro H. Shyshchenko ◽  
Yevhen Yu. Tsyhanok
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Compact City ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
The City

The goal of the study is to determine the actual areas and the geographical distri- bution of Urban Green Spaces (UGS) in Kyiv; compile and analyse the ratings of the city administrative districts by key UGS indicators and substantiate the level of comfortable living in each district according to the concept of a green compact city. The goal stems from the announcement of an official strategy of transforming Kyiv into a comfortable compact city with an attractive green infrastructure. To achieve this goal, we have calculated a number of major indicators of the modern green infrastructure of Kyiv in all ten city districts. According to the method we developed, we analysed the drawings of the urban development master plan and regulatory documents, and conducted a field survey of significant UGS sites in Kyiv. The data obtained were used to make a UGS map of Kyiv and other thematic maps. For the most accurate calculation of key UGS indicators, we processed several thousand contours in Kyiv’s cartographic base. The sizes of Urban Protected Areas (UPA) were found separately, and their share in the total city territory and of each district (Conservation Coefficients) was determined. In so doing, UPA distribution was found to be very irregular, with a total area of 174.9 km2, or about 21.2% of that of Ukraine’s capital. We analysed the ratio of the city population and the areas of green spaces in each Kyiv district. To identify districts with a different UGS coverage, we calculated the Greenness Coefficients (GC) and compiled a rating of Kyiv districts by their level of greenness, using the Greenness Coefficients Index. Significant GC variations in different city districts were substantiated. In contrast to previous studies, we calculated the provision of Kyiv residents with green zones of not merely common usage, but also with those of all other kinds, including UPA. We also calculated the Green space provision per person and compiled ratings of Kyiv districts by the Green Space Provision Index. The results were presented on a relevant map. Based on calculating the share of protected areas in the total UGS area, we found the ratings of Kyiv districts by the Green space legally protected Index. Wherein, we found significant variations among the districts by the ratio of protected areas and green spaces deprived of any legal protection. This increases their vulnerability to projected development attempts. We calculated the Integral Green Space Index (GSI) based on processing all significant UGS indicators of Kyiv. GSI allows for an integral assessment of the condition of the Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) in Kyiv, and it is the key criterion of its compliance with modern requirements to an ideal compact city. Holosiivskyi District received the highest GSI rating. It is uniformly replete with UGS, which are provided for quality recreation and, at the same time, are protected by environmental legislation. Solomianskyi District received the lowest rating, and almost all the elements of its existing UGI require a cardinal optimisation. As a whole, the indicators we calculated can create an illusion of adequate provision of Kyiv with UGS. Actually, they are distributed very irregularly in the majority of districts. The results of our study are indicative of the presence of many challenging locations that require an extension of existing UGS and the development of new ones pursuant to the principles of compact city planning. Since UGI planning depends on the implementation of the Urban Development Master Plan, it makes sense to include the Green Space Index to the key indicators of the Kyiv Development Strategy. The draft new City General Plan should also be refined with account of the above-mentioned problems.

scholarly journals Developing Green Infrastructure for Baghdad City

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeel Kamal AbdulRazzaq ◽  
Mayasa Farkad Abdul Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Environmental System ◽  
The Public

The public green spaces in Baghdad city have an obvious shortage and doesn’t fulfill and meet the needs of the population and the required open space criteria, moreover these green spaces are disjointed, disconnected and does not function as a unified system, that is why it suffers from neglect which contributes to deterioration of the city’s environment and increasing air pollution.     Human beings depended on nature into providing clean air and good health, with the growth of the population and the urban areas, there has been negative influence on the natural environmental system. A new term lately appeared “Green Infrastructure”especially in the developed countries (USA, UK and other countries in Europe), as one form of solutions to conserve the natural environmental system of green and open spaces. Consequently this thesis depended on this new green space approach to solve the green spaces problem in Baghdad city and suggested new sites in different locations in the city to be a new green spaces connected to the existing green spaces in Baghdad. This will increase the public green space areas, accessibility to these areas and social cohesion, it will also contribute to the improvement of the city’s environment by reducing air pollution and reducing air temperature especially during the long summer season. Other economic benefits could be achieved by planning for a connected network of green spaces in Baghdad city as well.

scholarly journals STUDI PEMBANGUNAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU PUBLIK DI KECAMATAN PONTIANAK KOTA PADA KOTA PONTIANAK

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haidar ◽  
Eddy Thamrin ◽  
Siti Latifah
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Green Space

Green Open Space (RTH) is an area that extends / lanes and or groups, which use more open, where plants grow, both those that grow plants naturally and deliberately planted. In Law No. 26 of 2007, specifically mandates the need for the provision and utilization of green open spaces, the proportion of which is set at least 30% percent of the total area of the city, namely (20% of public green space and 10% private RTH). The study aims to determine the suitability of the implementation of green open space development in Pontianak city sub-district with Pontianak City RTRW and find out the causes that are not achieved if the green open space has not run smoothly. The research method used a survey method and ground check of green open space distribution in Pontianak city sub-district. The interview technique was to find out the perceptions of the surrounding community towards RTH areas in Pontianak Kota Sub-district. The results of the study from the Interpretation of IKONOS 2017 Images and the 2018 ground check in Pontianak Kota District in the year there were 22 green open spaces. The area of calculation of Existing and RTRW 2013-2033 almost reached the target, RTH Park reached 98.63%, RTH Funeral 89.83%, RTH Field 94.96%, and RTH Green Line had reached 104% of the RTRW 2013-2033Keywords: Development, Green Open Space, Pontianak, RTH Public

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Differences in Walking Time of Children and Adolescents to Public Green Spaces in Urban Areas—Results of the German Environmental Survey (2014–2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2326
Author(s):  
Julia Rehling ◽  
Christiane Bunge ◽  
Julia Waldhauer ◽  
André Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Environmental Survey ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Public Green Space ◽  
Walking Time

Public green spaces have a high potential for a positive impact on people’s health and wellbeing, especially in urban areas. Studies on environmental justice indicate socially unequal access possibilities to urban green spaces. This article presents results on associations between individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and walking time from home to public green spaces in young people living in urban areas with more than 20,000 inhabitants in Germany. Data were derived from the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014–2017 (GerES V), the environmental module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2). The sample comprises 1149 participants aged 3 to 17 years. A total of 51.5% of the participants reach a public green space on foot within five and 72.8% within ten minutes from home. The lower the participant’s SEP, the longer the walking time. Logistic regression models controlling for age group, sex, migration background, and region of residence show that participants with a low SEP have a significantly higher risk (odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.31–2.99) of needing more than ten minutes to walk from home to a public green space than participants with a high SEP. GerES V data indicate that young people living in urban areas in Germany do not equally benefit from the health-promoting potential of green spaces, which is an important aspect of environmental health inequalities.

scholarly journals TINGKAT KESESUAIAN RUANG PUBLIK DENGAN KONSEP LIVABLE CITY DI KOTA SURAKARTA

Arsitektura ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Ifni Farida ◽  
Galing Yudana ◽  
Erma Fitria Rini
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Green Space ◽  
National Average ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Green Space ◽  
Deductive Research

<div align="center"><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="518"><p><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><em> Development of the urban population in Indonesia that growing rapidly these days, of course will cause impacts for the city itself, including in terms of environmental degradation. Therefore, society needs of a comfortable and livable city is getting higher, which is known as the concept of livable city. One of the key principles of the concept of livable city is the availability of public space as a place to socialize and interact. Surakarta, within 5 (five) years, being actively promote provision of public green space, as one of the public space, as evidenced by the increase of public green space area 23,16% in 2016. In a study titled Indonesia Most Livable City Index, Surakarta has a livable city index reached 69,38% above the national average. The problem in this research is how the level of conformity of the public space in Surakarta with the concept of livable city? This study aims to determine the level of conformity of the public space in Surakarta with the concept of livable city, which covers several aspects, including: availability, coverage, accessibility, comfort, amenity, and supporting activity. The method in this study using deductive research approach and scoring analysis technique. Based on the analysis, it can be seen that the level of conformity of the public space in Surakarta with the concept of livable city included into the category of medium-level conformity. Nonetheless, it needs improvement in some aspects of public space in Surakarta whose value is still low, in order to realize the public space in Surakarta according to the concept of livable city.</em></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="518"><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="518"><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>level of conformity, public space, livable city, scoring analysis</em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

scholarly journals Green Spaces in Residential Areas of Dar es Salaam City: Types, Coverage and Uses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Nicholaus Mwageni ◽  
Robert Kiunsi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Density ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
The City

Green spaces in urban areas including in Dar es Salaam City provide multiple ecological, social and economic benefits. Despite their benefits they are inadequately documented in terms types, coverage and uses. This paper attempts to provide information on types, coverage and uses of green space in Dar es Salaam City. A number of methods including literature review, interpretation of remotely sensed image, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to document city greenery. The research findings show that residential greenery is made up of greenery found within and external to plots. The dominant green spaces external to residential plots were natural and semi natural vegetation while within plots were woody plants, plots farms vegetable and ornamental gardens. Distribution of greenery varied among the wards due to differences in building density and distance from the city centre. Natural and semi natural vegetation increased with decrease of building density and increase of distance from the city centre, while the number of plots with trees for shade increased with increase of building density. Only Kawe ward that had greenery above Tanzania space planning standards, the other three wards which are informal settlements had green space deficit. Three quarters of the households use green spaces for shade provision and cooling, two thirds as a source of food products and a quarter for recreation and aesthetic purposes. The study reveals that Dar es Salaam City residents invest predominantly on shade trees in their residential plots compared to other green space types.

Noise perception assessment in urban green spaces using soundwalk approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. 5780-5791
Author(s):  
Omid Samani ◽  
Verena Zapf ◽  
M. Ercan Altinsoy
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Visual Effect ◽  
Technical Noise ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
The City

Urban green spaces are intended to provide citizens with calm environments free of annoying city noises. This requires a thorough understanding of noise emission and related exposure to sounds in green spaces. This research investigates noise perception in various spots in an urban green space. For this purpose, the study has been conducted in the grand garden of the city of Dresden. The garden covers 1.8 square kilometers of various landscapes, including water streams, park railways, fountains, bridges, roads for bicycles and pedestrians etc. Noise perception was investigated at eleven spots with emphasis on four noise types: nature noise, human noise, traffic noise, and technical noise. In parallel, audio-visual recordings were conducted for each spot to identify the connection between the perceptual measures and the psychoacoustic parameters. These spots are categorized based on the resulting perception and psychoacoustic parameters. In addition, the visual effect of each spot on final perception is investigated. Eventually, annoyance for each spot is identified based on the corresponding participants' perception and is associated with the relevant psychoacoustic parameters.

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