scholarly journals Blood-Derived Biomarkers of Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy Response in Prostate Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Katalin Balázs ◽  
Lilla Antal ◽  
Géza Sáfrány ◽  
Katalin Lumniczky
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Prognosis And Prediction ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
Late Side

Prostate cancer is among the most frequent cancers in men worldwide. Despite the fact that multiple therapeutic alternatives are available for its treatment, it is often discovered in an advanced stage as a metastatic disease. Prostate cancer screening is based on physical examination of prostate size and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in the blood as well as biopsy in suspect cases. However, these markers often fail to correctly identify the presence of cancer, or their positivity might lead to overdiagnosis and consequent overtreatment of an otherwise silent non-progressing disease. Moreover, these markers have very limited if any predictive value regarding therapy response or individual risk for therapy-related toxicities. Therefore, novel, optimally liquid biopsy-based (blood-derived) markers or marker panels are needed, which have better prognostic and predictive value than the ones currently used in the everyday routine. In this review the role of circulating tumour cells, extracellular vesicles and their microRNA content, as well as cellular and soluble immunological and inflammation- related blood markers for prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapy response is discussed. A special emphasis is placed on markers predicting response to radiotherapy and radiotherapy-related late side effects.

The role of prostate specific antigen measurement in the detection and management of prostate cancer.

2000 ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Nash ◽  
I Melezinek
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Endocrine Therapy ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Psa Density ◽  
Psa Testing

The introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing has revolutionised the early detection, management and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and it is considered to be one of the best biomedical markers currently available in the field of oncology. Its use with annual digital rectal examination in prostate cancer screening programmes has led to a marked change in the distribution of stage at presentation towards earlier disease and led to a significant increase in the detection of potentially curable disease. In order to improve the specificity of PSA testing and thereby reduce the number of unnecessary prostatic biopsies, a number of refinements of PSA evaluation have been proposed. These include free to total PSA ratio, PSA density, PSA density, PSA density of the transition zone, PSA velocity and age-specific PSA reference ranges. The utility of these approaches is considered in this review. The role of PSA monitoring in the detection of recurrence following radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy is discussed, as well as its role in monitoring patients treated with endocrine therapy is discussed, as well as its role in monitoring patients treated with endocrine therapy in terms of correlating PSA response with outcome, in detecting disease progression and in guiding the use of subsequent therapies. Large continuing multicentre screening and outcome studies will provide important information enabling greater refinement of the use of this important diagnostic and monitoring tool in the future detection and management of prostate cancer.

Long-Term Prediction of Prostate Cancer Up to 25 Years Before Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Using Prostate Kallikreins Measured at Age 44 to 50 Years

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Lilja ◽  
David Ulmert ◽  
Thomas Björk ◽  
Charlotte Becker ◽  
Angel M. Serio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Free Psa ◽  
Swedish Cancer Registry ◽  
Total Psa

PurposeWe examined whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) forms and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) measured at age 44 to 50 years predict long-term risk of incident prostate cancer.MethodsFrom 1974 to 1986, 21,277 men age ≤ 50 years in Malmö, Sweden, enrolled onto a cardiovascular study (74% participation). The rate of PSA screening in this population is low. According to the Swedish Cancer Registry, 498 were later diagnosed with prostate cancer. We measured hK2, free PSA, and total PSA (tPSA) in archived blood plasma from 462 participants later diagnosed with prostate cancer and from 1,222 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to test for association of prostate cancer with hK2 and PSA forms measured at baseline.ResultsMedian delay between venipuncture and prostate cancer diagnosis was 18 years. hK2 and all PSA forms were strongly associated with prostate cancer (all P < .0005). None of the 90 anthropometric, lifestyle, biochemical, and medical history variables measured at baseline was importantly predictive. A tPSA increase of 1 ng/mL was associated with an increase in odds of cancer of 3.69 (95% CI, 2.99 to 4.56); addition of other PSA forms or hK2 did not add to the predictive value of tPSA. tPSA remained predictive for men diagnosed ≥ 20 years after venipuncture, and the predictive value remained unchanged in an analysis restricted to palpable disease.ConclusionA single PSA test at age 44 to 50 years predicts subsequent clinically diagnosed prostate cancer. This raises the possibility of risk stratification for prostate cancer screening programs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a rapid one-step PSA test for primary prostate cancer screening

BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Ashida ◽  
Ichiro Yamasaki ◽  
Chiaki Kawada ◽  
Hideo Fukuhara ◽  
Satoshi Fukata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Spot Test ◽  
Psa Test ◽  
Psa Testing ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
One Step

Abstract Background To enhance the convenience and reduce the cost of prostate cancer (PC) screening, a one-step prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test was evaluated in a large population. The PSA SPOT test kit enables rapid detection of human PSA in serum or plasma at or above a cutoff level of 4 ng/mL to aid in the diagnosis of PC. Methods PC screening using the PSA SPOT test was offered to male participants in educational public lectures that we conducted in various cities. Test results were reported to participants at the end of the lectures. Blood samples from 1429 men were evaluated. Two independent observers interpreted the tests at 15 and 30 min. The remaining serum samples were subsequently tested using a conventional quantitative assay. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the test were 79.9, 93.0, 65.4, 96.6, and 91.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the test changed with variations in the reading time. Quantitative assessment of the intensity of the band was correlated with the PSA value. Conclusions PSA testing using this kit can be easily performed. The low cost and speed of the test make it a useful and convenient tool for primary PC screening.

scholarly journals The Role of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Cancer Screening

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Traian Vasile Constantin ◽  
Victor Lucian Mădan ◽  
Maria-Magdalena Constantin ◽  
Silviu-Horia Morariu ◽  
Bogdan Braticevici
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Specific Antigen

Prostate cancer screening: Role of digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome P. Richie ◽  
Louis R. Kavoussi ◽  
George T. Ho ◽  
Martyn A. Vickers ◽  
Michael A. O'Donnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Rectal Examination

scholarly journals Can Urinary PCA3 Supplement PSA in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer?

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (36) ◽  
pp. 4066-4072 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Wei ◽  
Ziding Feng ◽  
Alan W. Partin ◽  
Elissa Brown ◽  
Ian Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Repeat Biopsy ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Initial Biopsy

Purpose Given the limited sensitivity and specificity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), its widespread use as a screening tool has raised concerns for the overdiagnosis of low-risk and the underdiagnosis of high-grade prostate cancer. To improve early-detection biopsy decisions, the National Cancer Institute conducted a prospective validation trial to assess the diagnostic performance of the prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) urinary assay for the detection of prostate cancer among men screened with PSA. Patients and Methods In all, 859 men (mean age, 62 years) from 11 centers scheduled for a diagnostic prostate biopsy between December 2009 and June 2011 were enrolled. The primary outcomes were to assess whether PCA3 could improve the positive predictive value (PPV) for an initial biopsy (at a score > 60) and the negative predictive value (NPV) for a repeat biopsy (at a score < 20). Results For the detection of any cancer, PPV was 80% (95% CI, 72% to 86%) in the initial biopsy group, and NPV was 88% (95% CI, 81% to 93%) in the repeat biopsy group. The addition of PCA3 to individual risk estimation models (which included age, race/ethnicity, prior biopsy, PSA, and digital rectal examination) improved the stratification of cancer and of high-grade cancer. Conclusion These data independently support the role of PCA3 in reducing the burden of prostate biopsies among men undergoing a repeat prostate biopsy. For biopsy-naive patients, a high PCA3 score (> 60) significantly increases the probability that an initial prostate biopsy will identify cancer.

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