scholarly journals Effect of Aging on Homeostasis in the Soft Tissue of the Periodontium: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Yu Gyung Kim ◽  
Sang Min Lee ◽  
Sungeun Bae ◽  
Taejun Park ◽  
Hyeonjin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Aging is characterized by a progressive decline or loss of physiological functions, leading to increased susceptibility to disease or death. Several aging hallmarks, including genomic instability, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, have been suggested, which often lead to the numerous aging disorders. The periodontium, a complex structure surrounding and supporting the teeth, is composed of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Supportive and protective roles of the periodontium are very critical to sustain life, but the periodontium undergoes morphological and physiological changes with age. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular and cellular physiological changes in the periodontium, by focusing on soft tissues including gingiva and periodontal ligament.

scholarly journals Although Anatomically Micrometers Apart: Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Are Slightly More Active in Bone Remodeling Than Alveolar Bone Derived Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Loo-Kirana ◽  
Marjolijn Gilijamse ◽  
Jolanda Hogervorst ◽  
Ton Schoenmaker ◽  
Teun J. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Pdl Cells ◽  
Alveolar Bone Cells

The periodontal ligament (PDL) and the alveolar bone are part of the periodontium, a complex structure that supports the teeth. The alveolar bone is continuously remodeled and is greatly affected by several complex oral events, like tooth extraction, orthodontic movement, and periodontitis. Until now, the role of PDL cells in terms of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis has been widely studied, whereas surprisingly little is known about the bone remodeling capacity of alveolar bone. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the biological character of human alveolar bone cells and PDL cells in terms of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Paired samples of PDL cells and alveolar bone cells from seven patients with compromised general and oral health were collected and cultured. Bone A (early outgrowth) and bone B (late outgrowth) were included. PDL, bone A, bone B cell cultures all had a fibroblast appearance with similar expression pattern of six mesenchymal markers. These cultures were subjected to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis assays. For osteoclastogenesis assays, the cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a source for osteoclast precursor cells. The total duration of the experiments was 21 days. Osteogenesis was slightly favored for PDL compared to bone A and B as shown by stronger Alizarin red staining and higher expression of RUNX2 and Collagen I at day 7 and for ALP at day 21. PDL induced approximately two times more osteoclasts than alveolar bone cells. In line with these findings was the higher expression of cell fusion marker DC-STAMP in PDL-PBMC co-cultures compared to bone B at day 21. In conclusion, alveolar bone contains remodeling activity, but to a different extent compared to PDL cells. We showed that human alveolar bone cells can be used as an in vitro model to study bone remodeling.

scholarly journals Comparison of Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration of Human and Bovine Origin

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-492
Author(s):  
Lazić Zoran ◽  
Bubalo Marija ◽  
Milović Radomir ◽  
Matijević Stevo ◽  
Magić Marko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Guided Bone Regeneration ◽  
Epithelial Migration ◽  
Tissue Integration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tissue Proliferation ◽  
Space Reduction

Abstract The properties of membranes for guided bone regeneration have been described by a number of authors. These involve biocompatibility, appropriate barrier features (mechanical prevention of soft tissue proliferation), tissue integration, immunologic neutrality, preservation of the space for new alveolar bone, and simplicity of application. Such membrane must hold out against the masticatory forces and tissue tension of the fl ap, and prevent the collapse of soft tissues and wound space reduction. The property of integration into the tissue guarantees wound stabilization and inhibits epithelial migration. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the infl uence of human resorbable demineralized membrane (RHDM) and bovine resorbable demineralized membrane (RBDM) on bone regeneration. The experiment, approved by the Ethical Committee, was performed on six dogs and conducted into three phases. Bone defects were created in all six dogs on the left side of the mandible, 8 weeks after extraction of the second, third and fourth premolar. One defect was covered with 200 μm thick RHDM, one with 200 μm thick RBDM, and the third defect was left empty (control defect). The pathohistological analysis was done two, four and six months after the surgery. In the third phase samples of bone tissue were taken and subjected to patohistological analysis. In all six dogs the defects treated with RHDM 200μm thick showed a higher level of bone regeneration in comparison with the defect treated with RBDM 200 μm thick and especially with the control defect. Our results demonstrated that the human membrane showed the least soft tissue ingrowth and promoted better bone formation at 6 months compared with a bovine one.

scholarly journals Periostin in Periodontics: A Brief Insight

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-149
Author(s):  
Dhawal Rajendra Mody ◽  
Vrushali Lathiya ◽  
Kamalkishor Mankar
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Matricellular Protein ◽  
Collagen Formation

The prime objective of the periodontal treatment is to re-establish the lost periodontal tissue by forming new attachment of periodontal ligament, cementum and the alveolar bone. Periostin is a matricellular protein with its structure closely resembling to that of Drosophila fasciclin. It is expressed in the periodontal ligament, periosteum, alveolar bone, adipose tissue as well as skeletal tissue and has a key role in role in tooth development. This protein molecule has a striking similarity to the molecule beta ig-h3 which is induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), promotes the adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts and aids in collagen formation. It is possibly involved in the post surgical regeneration of periodontal hard and soft tissues. Periostin is also linked to dental papilla cells and is associated with hard tissue formation stages of tooth development. This mini review focuses on the various aspects of periostin related to maintenance and development of collagen rich connective tissues around the teeth. Keywords: Periostin, Periodontal ligament, Periodontal regeneration, Alveolar bone.

Stress Variation in the Orthodontic Tipping Phenomenon Analysis through the finite element method

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1992-1995
Author(s):  
Dan Dragos Sita ◽  
Ligia Brezeanu ◽  
Cristina Bica ◽  
Dana Manuc ◽  
Edwin Sever Bechir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
External Action ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Stress Variation ◽  
Orthodontic Bracket ◽  
Method Analysis ◽  
Element Method

The purpose of the study is to assess through a FEM (Finite Element Method analysis), the behavior of a complex structure (enamel-tooth-alveolar bone-periodontal ligament-pulp), subjected to an external load through an orthodontic bracket-with forces of various intensities and to determine its influence on the entire structure.It is necessary to analyze the way all elements of the structure take over the external action given by the action of an orthodontic appliance through the brackets and the influence on the inner component -the pulp-inside of which there are the nerve endings.

Imaging Features of Primary Tumors of the Hand

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Boriani ◽  
Edoardo Raposio ◽  
Costantino Errani
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Epithelioid Sarcoma ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Tumors Of The Hand

: Musculoskeletal tumors of the hand are a rare entity and are divided into skeletal and soft tissue tumors. Either category comprises benign and malignant or even intermediate tumors. Basic radiology allows an optimal resolution of bone and related soft tissue areas, ultrasound and more sophisticated radiologic tools such as scintigraphy, CT and MRI allow a more accurate evaluation of tumor extent. Enchondroma is the most common benign tumor affecting bone, whereas chondrosarcoma is the most commonly represented malignant neoplasm localized to hand bones. In the soft tissues ganglions are the most common benign tumors and epithelioid sarcoma is the most frequently represented malignant tumor targeting hand soft tissues. The knowledge regarding diagnostic and therapeutic management of these tumors is often deriving from small case series, retrospective studies or even case reports. Evidences from prospective studies or controlled trials are limited and for this lack of clear and supported evidences data from the medical literature on the topic are controversial, in terms of demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis prognosis and therapy.The correct recognition of the specific subtype and extension of the tumor through first line and second line radiology is essential for the surgeon, in order to effectively direct the therapeutic decisions.

scholarly journals Developing a Quantifying Device for Soft Tissue Material Prop-Erties around Lumbar Spines

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Song Joo Lee ◽  
Yong-Eun Cho ◽  
Kyung-Hyun Kim ◽  
Deukhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Commercial Device ◽  
Tissue Material

Knowing the material properties of the musculoskeletal soft tissue could be important to develop rehabilitation therapy and surgical procedures. However, there is a lack of devices and information on the viscoelastic properties of soft tissues around the lumbar spine. The goal of this study was to develop a portable quantifying device for providing strain and stress curves of muscles and ligaments around the lumbar spine at various stretching speeds. Each sample was conditioned and applied for 20 repeatable cyclic 5 mm stretch-and-relax trials in the direction and perpendicular direction of the fiber at 2, 3 and 5 mm/s. Our device successfully provided the stress and strain curve of the samples and our results showed that there were significant effects of speed on the young’s modulus of the samples (p < 0.05). Compared to the expensive commercial device, our lower-cost device provided comparable stress and strain curves of the sample. Based on our device and findings, various sizes of samples can be measured and viscoelastic properties of the soft tissues can be obtained. Our portable device and approach can help to investigate young’s modulus of musculoskeletal soft tissues conveniently, and can be a basis for developing a material testing device in a surgical room or various lab environments.

scholarly journals Quantification of assembly forces during creation of head-neck taper junction considering soft tissue bearing: a biomechanical study

Arthroplasty ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Wendler ◽  
Torsten Prietzel ◽  
Robert Möbius ◽  
Jean-Pierre Fischer ◽  
Andreas Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Head Neck

Abstract Background All current total hip arthroplasty (THA) systems are modular in design. Only during the operation femoral head and stem get connected by a Morse taper junction. The junction is realized by hammer blows from the surgeon. Decisive for the junction strength is the maximum force acting once in the direction of the neck axis, which is mainly influenced by the applied impulse and surrounding soft tissues. This leads to large differences in assembly forces between the surgeries. This study aimed to quantify the assembly forces of different surgeons under influence of surrounding soft tissue. Methods First, a measuring system, consisting of a prosthesis and a hammer, was developed. Both components are equipped with a piezoelectric force sensor. Initially, in situ experiments on human cadavers were carried out using this system in order to determine the actual assembly forces and to characterize the influence of human soft tissues. Afterwards, an in vitro model in the form of an artificial femur (Sawbones Europe AB, Malmo, Sweden) with implanted measuring stem embedded in gelatine was developed. The gelatine mixture was chosen in such a way that assembly forces applied to the model corresponded to those in situ. A study involving 31 surgeons was carried out on the aforementioned in vitro model, in which the assembly forces were determined. Results A model was developed, with the influence of human soft tissues being taken into account. The assembly forces measured on the in vitro model were, on average, 2037.2 N ± 724.9 N, ranging from 822.5 N to 3835.2 N. The comparison among the surgeons showed no significant differences in sex (P = 0.09), work experience (P = 0.71) and number of THAs performed per year (P = 0.69). Conclusions All measured assembly forces were below 4 kN, which is recommended in the literature. This could lead to increased corrosion following fretting in the head-neck interface. In addition, there was a very wide range of assembly forces among the surgeons, although other influencing factors such as different implant sizes or materials were not taken into account. To ensure optimal assembly force, the impaction should be standardized, e.g., by using an appropriate surgical instrument.

scholarly journals Imaging of Joint and Soft Tissue Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Di Matteo ◽  
Gianluca Smerilli ◽  
Edoardo Cipolletta ◽  
Fausto Salaffi ◽  
Rossella De Angelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Muscle Involvement

Abstract Purpose of Review To highlight the potential uses and applications of imaging in the assessment of the most common and relevant musculoskeletal (MSK) manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent Findings Ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are accurate and sensitive in the assessment of inflammation and structural damage at the joint and soft tissue structures in patients with SLE. The US is particularly helpful for the detection of joint and/or tendon inflammation in patients with arthralgia but without clinical synovitis, and for the early identification of bone erosions. MRI plays a key role in the early diagnosis of osteonecrosis and in the assessment of muscle involvement (i.e., myositis and myopathy). Conventional radiography (CR) remains the traditional gold standard for the evaluation of structural damage in patients with joint involvement, and for the study of bone pathology. The diagnostic value of CR is affected by the poor sensitivity in demonstrating early structural changes at joint and soft tissue level. Computed tomography allows a detailed evaluation of bone damage. However, the inability to distinguish different soft tissues and the need for ionizing radiation limit its use to selected clinical circumstances. Nuclear imaging techniques are valuable resources in patients with suspected bone infection (i.e., osteomyelitis), especially when MRI is contraindicated. Finally, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry represents the imaging mainstay for the assessment and monitoring of bone status in patients with or at-risk of osteoporosis. Summary Imaging provides relevant and valuable information in the assessment of MSK involvement in SLE.

scholarly journals Micro-CT imaging of Thiel-embalmed and iodine-stained human temporal bone for 3D modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Halm ◽  
David Haberthür ◽  
Elisabeth Eppler ◽  
Valentin Djonov ◽  
Andreas Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
3D Modeling ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Iodine Staining ◽  
Tissue Structures

Abstract Introduction This pilot study explores whether a human Thiel-embalmed temporal bone is suitable for generating an accurate and complete data set with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and whether solid iodine-staining improves visualization and facilitates segmentation of middle ear structures. Methods A temporal bone was used to verify the accuracy of the imaging by first digitally measuring the stapes on the tomography images and then physically under the microscope after removal from the temporal bone. All measurements were compared with literature values. The contralateral temporal bone was used to evaluate segmentation and three-dimensional (3D) modeling after iodine staining and micro-CT scanning. Results The digital and physical stapes measurements differed by 0.01–0.17 mm or 1–19%, respectively, but correlated well with the literature values. Soft tissue structures were visible in the unstained scan. However, iodine staining increased the contrast-to-noise ratio by a factor of 3.7 on average. The 3D model depicts all ossicles and soft tissue structures in detail, including the chorda tympani, which was not visible in the unstained scan. Conclusions Micro-CT imaging of a Thiel-embalmed temporal bone accurately represented the entire anatomy. Iodine staining considerably increased the contrast of soft tissues, simplified segmentation and enabled detailed 3D modeling of the middle ear.

Orthodontic Pre Grafting Closure of Large Alveolar Bony and Soft Tissue Gaps: A Novel Nonsurgical Protraction of the Lesser Segments in Growing Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110076
Author(s):  
Maria Costanza Meazzini ◽  
Noah Cohen ◽  
Valeria Marinella Augusta Battista ◽  
Cristina Incorvati ◽  
Federico Biglioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Bone Grafting ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Good Healing

Background: Closure of wide alveolar clefts with large soft tissue gaps and reconstruction of the dentoalveolar defect are challenging for the surgeon. Some authors successfully used interdental segmental distraction, which requires an additional surgical procedure. Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of tooth borne devices utilized to orthopedically advance the lesser segments, with a complete approximation of the soft tissue of the alveolar stumps, allowing traditional simultaneous soft tissue closure and bone grafting, and avoiding the need for supplementary surgery. Methods: Eight growing patients, 2 with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 6 with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP), with large soft tissue and bony alveolar defects prior to bone grafting were prospectively selected. A banded rapid palatal expander (RPE) in BCLP and a modified RPE in UCLP combined with protraction face mask in younger patients or a modified Alt-Ramec in patients older than 12 years were applied. Radiographic and photographic records were available at T0, at the end of protraction (T1) and at least 1 year after bone grafting (T2). Results: Patients with large gaps showed a significant reduction in the bony cleft area and approximation of the soft tissues at T1. All patients received bone grafting with good healing and ossification at T2. Conclusion: In growing patients with UCLP and BCLP with large gaps, presurgical orthodontic protraction seems to be an efficient method to reduce the cleft defect, minimizing the risk of post grafting fistulas, reducing the need for supplementary surgical procedures.

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