scholarly journals Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Deoxynivalenol in Wheat-Based Products Based Different Wheat-Producing Area for the Inhabitants in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Xianli Yang ◽  
Zhiyong Zhao ◽  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
Junhua Yang ◽  
Hengchao E ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Production Areas

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major mycotoxins that contaminate cereals. In this study, we determined the DON level in wheat-based products from Chinese five main production areas collected in Shanghai and calculated the daily intake of DON for inhabitants using the point evaluation and the probabilistic evaluation based on Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed the positive rates of DON in the products were higher than 80.0%, with the concentrations ranging from 41.8 to 1110 µg/kg. The estimated mean daily intakes of DON for 7- to 10-year-old children and adults groups were below 1 µg/kg bw/day, the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), suggesting no health risks for the consumers. However, the 99th percentiles of dietary DON exposures for children and adults exceeded the PMTDI, indicating adverse health effects might occur if the two groups intake highly contaminated wheat-based products. The potential health risks for the two groups exposed to DON in the wheat-based products from the Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley (MLYV) were higher than those from the other areas in China.

Exposure assessment of metal intakes from drinking water relative to those from total diet in Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2694-2701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Ohno ◽  
Kohei Ishikawa ◽  
Yuki Kurosawa ◽  
Yoshihiko Matsui ◽  
Taku Matsushita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Daily Intakes

Daily intakes of 17 metals (boron, aluminium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony, lead, uranium, magnesium, calcium, and iron) via drinking water and total diet were investigated in six cities in Japan. The daily metal intakes were estimated and compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) values proposed by the WHO or Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives for toxic metals and with recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intake (AI) values proposed for essential metals by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Among the 13 toxic metals, mean dietary intakes of 10 (except arsenic, selenium, and molybdenum) were less than 50% of TDI, suggesting that for these 10 metals the allocation of intake to drinking water in establishing guidelines or standards could possibly be increased from the normal allocation of 10–20% of TDI. For the 13 toxic metals, the contribution of drinking water to TDI was 2% or less in all six cities. Mean dietary intakes of the essential elements magnesium, calcium, and iron were less than the RDA or AI values. Drinking water did not contribute much to essential metal intake, accounting for less than 10% of RDA or AI.

Natural Occurrence of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Corn from Three Main Production Provinces in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1374-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Z. FENG ◽  
X. H. LU ◽  
B. TAO ◽  
M. H. PANG ◽  
Y. C. LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Health Organization

A total of 255 corn samples collected in 2010 from three main corn production provinces of China (Liaoning, Shandong, and Henan) were analyzed for contamination with fumonisins (FB1 and FB2). The incidence of contamination was significantly higher in samples from Liaoning than in samples from the other two provinces. Approximately 80.0% of the samples from Liaoning were contaminated with fumonisins, with a mean total fumonisin concentration of 3,990 ng/g. In contrast, the mean total fumonisin concentrations were 845 and 665 ng/g in samples from Shandong and Henan, respectively. The probable daily intake of fumonisins (0.3 μg/kg of body weight) is within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2.0 μg/kg of body weight set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Fumonisin B1 and B2 Mycotoxins in Maize-Based Food Products in Hungary

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Zentai ◽  
Mária Szeitzné-Szabó ◽  
Gábor Mihucz ◽  
Nóra Szeli ◽  
András Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Two Samples

Fumonisins are toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Their toxicity was evaluated, and health-based guidance values established on the basis of both Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations. This study presents the results of fumonisin analyses in different maize- and rice-based food products in Hungary and the potential health risk arising from their dietary intake. In total, 326 samples were measured in 2017 and 2018 to determine fumonisins B1 and B2 levels. Three-day dietary record data were collected from 4992 consumers, in 2009. For each food category, the average concentration values were multiplied by the relevant individual consumption data, and the results were compared to the reference values. With respect to the maximum limits, one maize flour, two maize grits, and two samples of other maize-based, snack-like products had total fumonisin content minimally exceeding the EU regulatory limit. The mean daily intake for all maize-product consumers was 0.045–0.120 µg/kg bw/day. The high intake (95 percentile) ranged between 0.182 and 0.396 µg/kg bw/day, well below the 1 µg/kg bw/day tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by EFSA. While the intake calculations resulted in comforting results, maize-based products may indeed be contaminated by fumonisins. Therefore, frequent monitoring of fumonisins’ levels and evaluation of their intakes using the best available data are recommended.

scholarly journals Evaluating Hazards Posed by Additives in Food: A Review of Studies Adopting a Risk Assessment Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Sunset Yellow ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Multiple Scenarios

Processing and packaging has increased the use of food additives in the food industry. Some of these additives have associated health risks. This review looks at studies on risk assessment of food additives published between 2000-2015. These studies have majorly focused on synthetic food colors and preservatives like benzoate, sorbate, nitrite and nitrate. Most of the studies have shown that the intake was below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for average consumers. For extreme consumers (95th percentile), intake was found to be above the ADI or approaching ADI for additives like sunset yellow FCF, erythrosine, tartrazine, sulphite, benzoate and nitrite. It is advisable to look at multiple scenarios of dietary exposure while evaluating risk. A surveillance system which documents adverse effects to food additives as well as monitors risk on a regular basis is important for every country to have. Such data would be beneficial to regulatory authorities as well as the industry in fixing usage levels of the additive in an effort to minimize health risk.

scholarly journals Study of nitrate levels in fruits and vegetables to assess the potential health risks in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayhan Uddin ◽  
Mostak Uddin Thakur ◽  
Mohammad Zia Uddin ◽  
G. M. Rabiul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Potential Health

AbstractNitrate is a chemical compound naturally present in fruits and vegetables. This study aims at assessing the nitrate levels and health risks arising from high consumption of fruits and vegetables in Bangladesh. Sixteen species of fruits and vegetables were examined for nitrates using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out to identify the cluster of tested fruits and vegetables for the nitrate contents. A point estimate of the daily intake was applied to find the health risks that arise due to elevated levels of nitrate in fruits and vegetables. The results show that root and tuber vegetables accumulate significantly higher levels of nitrate in comparison to fruits and fruit vegetables (P < 0.05). In cluster analysis, the nitrate accumulation of fruits and vegetables show four clear clusters contributing to 29.54%, 7.17%, 4.42%, and 58.57% of the total nitrate content in the entire sample. The risk assessment of the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Health Risk Index (HRI) of almost all the tested samples was in the acceptable range, except for radish, thereby indicating the acceptance of risk due to nitrate intake in Bangladesh. As nitrate may have had risk factor for health, during cultivation and storing the product should be properly monitored.

Toxicological Risk Associated with Consumption of Rice Sold in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leatitiah Namubiru ◽  
Denis Male ◽  
Ivan Mukisa Muzira ◽  
Yusuf Byenkya Byaruhanga
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Timely Feedback ◽  
Rice Samples

Previous studies have reported the presence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), heavy metals (As, Cd and Pb) and organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) in rice sold in Uganda. However, the potential health effects associated with consumption of rice have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health risk of consuming rice sold in Uganda. A total of 45 packed and 30 open traded rice samples were randomly collected from retail outlets in the main rice trading areas of Uganda. Rice was analysed for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, As, Cd, Pb and OCPs using AOAC standard methods. Dietary exposure of the consumers to contaminants was assessed using the estimated daily intake (EDI). The Hazard index (HI) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were determined to define the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk from contaminants, respectively. The potency of liver cancer cases in Uganda was 1.02E-5 and 1.05E-5 adults/year/100,000, and 6.50E-4 and 6.72E-5 infants /year/100,000 for open traded and packed rice, respectively. The values obtained for the ILCR for Arsenic detected in rice were 1.14E-2 and 7.28E-2 for adults and infants, respectively. The ILCR of all detected OCPs in adults and infants were higher than 1.0E-4, in both open traded and packed rice. This study established a potential carcinogenic risk from consumption of rice sold in Uganda in both infants and adults at the current level of contamination and consumption rate. Establishment of a monitoring system along the entire rice value chain; enforced by a national regulatory body can provide timely feedback on the levels of contamination and the progress in reducing the contamination burden.

scholarly journals Characterization and Lifetime Dietary Risk Assessment of Eighteen Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid N-Oxides in New Zealand Honey

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Pearson ◽  
Jeane E. F. Nicolas ◽  
Jane E. Lancaster ◽  
C. Wymond Symes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Dietary Risk

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a large group of botanical toxins of concern, as they are considered genotoxic carcinogens, with long-term dietary exposure presenting an elevated risk of liver cancer. PAs can contaminate honey through honeybees visiting the flowers of PA-containing plant species. A program of monitoring New Zealand honey has been undertaken over several years to build a comprehensive dataset on the concentration, regional and seasonal distribution, and botanical origin of 18 PAs and PA N-oxides. A bespoke probabilistic exposure model has then been used to assess the averaged lifetime dietary risk to honey consumers, with exposures at each percentile of the model characterized for risk using a margin of exposure from the Joint World Health Organization and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Benchmark Dose. Survey findings identify the typical PA types for New Zealand honey as lycopsamine, echimidine, retrorsine and senecionine. Regional and seasonal variation is evident in the types and levels of total PAs, linked to the ranges and flowering times of certain plants. Over a lifetime basis, the average exposure an individual will receive through honey consumption is considered within tolerable levels, although there are uncertainties over high and brand-loyal consumers, and other dietary contributors. An average lifetime risk to the general population from PAs in honey is not expected. However, given the uncertainties in the assessment, risk management approaches to limit or reduce exposures through honey are still of value.

scholarly journals Fusarium mycotoxins and human health

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemical ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Daily Intakes

Fusariummycotoxins and human healthSpecies within the genusFusariumproduce a diverse range of mycotoxins, many of which have significant impacts on human health. Of the five generally recognised major mycotoxins, three (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON)) are produced by Fusaria. Apart from DON, other trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin, have received considerable international attention due to their impact on human health. The fumonisins, which occur ubiquitously in maize and its products, have been linked to oesophageal cancer, liver cancer and neural tube defects. DON, a frequent contaminant of maize, wheat and their products, although showing no carcinogenic potential, is immunomodulatory and produces emesis and growth retardation in animals. ZON is a naturally occurring endocrine disrupting chemical. Acute exposure to these mycotoxins has in each case been linked to outbreaks of human disease - gastro-intestinal effects in the case of fumonisins and DON, and precocious pubertal changes in the case of ZON. Concern over their toxicological effects has led to risk assessments by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which has set maximum tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of 2 μg/ kg body weight (bw) for fumonisins and 0.5 μg/kg bw for ZON. The initial TDI set for DON, namely 1 μg/kg bw has recently been updated by JECFA to include both 3 - and 15-acetylDON. Apart from the above mycotoxins, a number of other secondary metabolites (moniliformin, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) are produced by different Fusaria and their effects on human health, either alone or in combination with other mycotoxins, is largely unexplored.

Contents and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Marine Invertebrates from Korean Coastal Fish Markets

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1022-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONG SOO MOK ◽  
JI YOUNG KWON ◽  
KWANG TAE SON ◽  
WOO SEOK CHOI ◽  
SUNG RIM KANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Consumer Safety

The concentrations of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium, silver, nickel, copper, and zinc in the edible portions of 105 marine invertebrates representing 16 mollusk and crustacean species were accurately determined to evaluate their hazard for human consumption. The samples were collected in 2011 from major fish markets on the coast of Korea and analyzed for Hg using a direct Hg analyzer and for other metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Estimated dietary exposure (EDE) was determined, and a risk assessment was made of the heavy metals to provide information concerning consumer safety. The Cd concentrations, which were the highest for the three hazardous metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb), were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the bivalves and crabs than in the gastropods and cephalopods. However, the concentrations of these metals in all samples were within the regulatory limits set by Korea and other countries. The EDE was compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The EDE of Cd, Hg, and Pb for each class of marine invertebrate were 0.07 to 2.64, 0.01 to 0.43, and 0.001 to 0.16% of the PTDI, respectively. The total EDE of Cd, Hg, and Pb for marine invertebrates accounted for 4.03, 0.96, and 0.21%, respectively, of the PTDI. The EDE of other metals in each class of marine invertebrate was less than 2% of the PTDI. The hazard index is a reasonable parameter for assessing the risk of heavy metal consumption associated with contaminated food. In the present study, the hazard index for all of the species was less than 1.0, which indicates that the intake of heavy metals from consumption of these marine invertebrates does not represent an appreciable hazard to humans.

Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIYALUK SINPHITHAKKUL ◽  
AMNART POAPOLATHEP ◽  
NARUMOL KLANGKAEW ◽  
KANJANA IMSILP ◽  
ANTONIO F. LOGRIECO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ionization Source ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination

ABSTRACT The prevalence of mycotoxins is often increased by climatic conditions prevailing in tropical regions. Therefore, consumers in tropical countries such as Thailand have a higher risk of mycotoxin exposure. Existing reports have revealed mycotoxin contamination in rice. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in barley and nine types of rice sold in Thailand and to assess consumer health risk. A total of 300 samples collected from various markets in Thailand were analyzed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Of the 300 samples, 124 (41.33%) were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, and 38.71% of the mycotoxin-positive samples were simultaneously contaminated with more than one toxin. The incidence of mycotoxin contamination differed among the rice and barley samples. Beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol, zearalenone, and aflatoxins were the most frequently found mycotoxins. However, the concentrations of regulated mycotoxins were below the regulatory limits. The assessed mycotoxin exposure does not represent a health risk for Thai consumers because the estimated exposure concentrations were lower than the tolerable daily intake values established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. However, our findings suggest that continued monitoring of mycotoxin contamination in rice and barley and concomitant risk assessments are warranted. HIGHLIGHTS

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