scholarly journals Spent Substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus Has Potential for Managing Fusarium Wilt of Banana

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Walter Ocimati ◽  
Evans Were ◽  
Anthony Fredrick Tazuba ◽  
Miguel Dita ◽  
Si-Jun Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana ◽  
The Impact

A range of basidiomycetes including the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Po) can suppress plant pathogens such as Fusarium spp. With the current increase in production and consumption of Po in Uganda, the spent Po substrate (SPoS) could be an alternative to manage Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by the soil borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, race 1 (Foc). This study determined the potential of SPoS to inhibit Foc in vitro and in potted plants. In vitro studies confirmed suppression of Foc in pure co-culture (Po vs. Foc) assays and media amended with different concentrations (0% to 50% w/v) of un-sterilized SPoS filtrates. Foc growth in the sterile SPoS filtrate was comparable to the water control, suggesting possible roles of biotic or thermolabile components of the SPoS. To further verify the suppressive effects of SPoS, pot experiments were carried out with a resistant (‘Mbwazirume’, AAA) and susceptible (‘Sukali Ndizi’, AAB) banana cultivar using both artificially and naturally infested soils. Independent of the inoculation method, SPoS significantly reduced the severity of FWB in pot experiments. Susceptible cultivar ‘Sukali Ndizi’ growing in substrates amended with SPoS showed lower (1.25) corm damage (Scale 0–5) than the un-amended control (3.75). No corm damage was observed in uninoculated controls. The resistant cultivar ‘Mbwazirume’, showed slight (0.25) corm damage only in the Foc-inoculated plants without SPoS. These findings suggest that SPoS could be used as part of the management practices to reduce the impact of FWB.

scholarly journals Alternative Control of Phragmidium rubi-idaei Infecting Two Rubus Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1452
Author(s):  
Raluca-Maria Pârlici ◽  
Aurel Maxim ◽  
Stefania Mirela Mang ◽  
Ippolito Camele ◽  
Lucia Mihalescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
The Impact

Organic berry plantations have been gaining popularity among farmers during recent years. Even so, farmers experience serious challenges in disease control management, which is a concern in organic farming. Phragmidiumrubi-idaei (DC) P. Karst is the pathogen responsible for blackberry and raspberry rust disease, one of the most present and active diseases in plantations. The antifungal certified products found on the organic farming market offer the opportunity for an efficient control strategy over plant pathogens in fruit shrub plantations. In this study, 5 natural based products—namely Altosan, Mimox, Canelys, Zitron, and Zeolite—were tested for their fungistatic effect over P. rubi-idaei. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, performing observations over the impact of organic products, used at different concentration levels, on rust conidia germination. Moreover, field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments for rust control on raspberry (‘Polka’, ‘Veten’ and ‘Heritage’) and blackberry (‘Thorn Free’, ‘Chester’ and ‘Loch Ness’) varieties. Data analysis based on ANOVA tests showed significant differences between the tested variants and the control sample at p < 0.001. Furthermore, LSD test confirmed differences between all substances tested (p < 0.005). The natural products Canelys (formulated with cinnamon) and Zytron (based on citrus extract) have proven the highest inhibitory capacity for conidia germination during in vitro tests registering values of 80.42% and 78.34%, respectively. The same high inhibitory rates against rust pathogen were kept also in the field tests using the same two natural-based products mentioned earlier. In addition, outcomes from this study demonstrated that Zeolite is not recommended for raspberry or blackberry rust control.

Application of reproductive technology to the Australian livestock industries

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Evans
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Embryo Freezing ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Current use of reproductive technology in the Australian livestock industries is limited, though it increased in line with higher prices for beef and wool through the 1980s. The required techniques, many of which were developed in Australia, are available and the level of expertise is comparable to the best in the world. However, the extensive pastoral industries do not readily lend themselves to these procedures. Only in the dairy industry is artificial insemination used to a significant degree. On the other hand, application of the technology in the pastoral industries is confined largely to studs and breeding cooperatives which provide breeding animals for producer flocks and herds. Hence the impact of applied technology may be more widespread than first appears. Until recently, little regard was paid to application of the technology along sound breeding principles. Artificial insemination and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) have not been used so much in planned breeding programmes aimed at local improvement of stock, but more to proliferate genes of reputedly superior stock, imported either from overseas or elsewhere in Australia. This is particularly true of MOET, where the incentive to use it is commonly a short term cash gain made from proliferating breeding stock of a particularly valuable and usually novel strain or breed. Recent technological improvements which render the use of reproductive technology cheaper and more effective will lead to its more widespread use in commercial practice. Techniques for embryo freezing and splitting have been greatly simplified and quickly put into practice. The novel livestock technologies of in vitro oocyte maturation and fertilization have already found commercial application overseas. Fecundity-enhancing products have also been adopted by the livestock industries. There is potential value for greater use of reproductive technology in the livestock industries provided it is implemented according to sound breeding principles and provided associated management practices are applied simultaneously.

scholarly journals Fusarium Wilt of Banana in Kisii County, Kenya.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Kennedy Moseti Momanyi ◽  
James Wanjohi Muthomi ◽  
John Wangai Kimenju
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Brown Discoloration ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana ◽  
Disease Present

Banana categorized as third in world’s key starch crops after cassava and sweet potatoes and it is the fourth most widely grown crop after rice, wheat and maize. The crop accounts for over 70 % of farmer’s earnings in Kisii county of Kenya. Farmers growing the crop are facing several challenges including depletion of soil fertility, low yields and diseases especially Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc). A study was conducted to determine the status of this disease in Kisii County. Ten farms were sampled in each Agro-ecological zone and in each farm four symptomatic and four non-symptomatic mats were sampled. Incidence was determined by relating banana seedlings affected and the total number of banana seedlings planted while severity was determined by measuring the extent of the damage/brown discoloration of the stem in length. Banana roots and pseudostem cuttings that were infected with the disease were used for isolation of the pathogen.Fusarium wilt is common in banana producing regions of Kisii County, however, the management practices are poor and do not meet the required strategies for controlling the disease. It was established that only; wood-ash and poultry manure were used by a few farmers in managing this disease. Present report is an attempt to improve the understanding of distribution and diversity of Foc in banana producing regions of Kisii County thereby aiding formulation of appropriate mitigation measures which the farmers can adopt locally.

scholarly journals Seleksi In Vitro dan Pengujian Mutan Tanaman Pisang Ambon Kuning untuk Ketahanan terhadap Penyakit Layu Fusarium

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Deden Sukmadjaja ◽  
Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih ◽  
Tri P. Priyatno
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Induce Mutagenesis ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana ◽  
Basal Media ◽  
Generative Phase ◽  
Race 4

<p>Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.) caused by<br />Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the most serious<br />problem faced in banana cultivation in terms of plant<br />productivity and fruit quality. Mutation breeding is one of the<br />alternative method that can be applied in producing new<br />banana cultivar. Mutants can be induced by chemical<br />mutagen such as ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) followed by<br />in vitro selection and then evaluation of the mutants to<br />fusarium wilt disease in glasshouse and Foc infected field.<br />The aim of this research was obtained EMS induced and in<br />vitro selected mutants of banana var. Ambon Kuning and<br />evaluated Foc disease resistant clones in glasshouse and<br />Foc infected field. The first step to obtain the explants for<br />this research was initiation and formation of multiple bud<br />clumps (MBC) using MS basal media supplemented with 5,<br />10, and 20 mg/l of benzyladenin. Plant regeneration of MBC<br />was also studied by using MS media containing 0, 0.2, and 1<br />mg/l of benzyladenin. To induce mutagenesis, MBC was<br />soaked in 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% (v/v) EMS for 1, 2, and 3 hours.<br />The assesment of resistant MBC mutants to Fusarium<br />phytotoxin was conducted by using fusaric acid (FA) as<br />selection agent in concentration of 30, 45, and 60 ppm.<br />Putative mutant plants produced by in vitro selection were<br />further tested using spore solution of Foc race 4 in<br />glasshouse. Meanwhile, Foc resistance assesment in the<br />infected field was conducted in Pasirkuda Experimental<br />Station, Bogor Agricultural University. The results showed<br />that MBC can be formed in MS basal media supplemented<br />with 10 or 20 mg/l benzyladenin. The EMS played a role in<br />obtaining mutants by producing 68 MBC putative mutants<br />tolerant to Foc based on FA selection. Further evaluation in<br />the glasshouse was obtained 64 Foc resistant plants from<br />391 putative mutants produced by in vitro selection.<br />Evaluation in the Foc infected field showed six clones<br />survived until generative phase (12 month of age).</p>

scholarly journals The Impact of Forest Fungi on Promoting Growth and Development of Brassica napus L.

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2475
Author(s):  
Grażyna B. Dąbrowska ◽  
Zuzanna Garstecka ◽  
Alina Trejgell ◽  
Henryk P. Dąbrowski ◽  
Wiktoria Konieczna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
The Impact

Inoculation of plants with fungi has been shown to increase yields by improving germination, seedling vigor, plant growth, root morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and flowering through direct or indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms include solubilization and mineralization of nutrients, facilitating their uptake by plants, regulation of hormone balance, production of volatile organic compounds and microbial enzymes, suppression of plant pathogens, and mitigation of abiotic stresses. In the presented experiments, the effect of selected forest soil fungi on the growth and development of Brassica napus L. seedlings was investigated. Inoculation was carried out in vivo and in pot experiments with ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi typical of forest soils: Collybia tuberosa, Clitocybe sp., Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma mesophaeum, and Cyathusolla. It was shown that all analyzed fungi produced IAA. In the in vitro experiment, B. napus inoculated with L. laccata showed stimulated root growth and greater number of leaves compared to control plants. A similar stimulatory effect on lateral root formation was observed in cuttings grown in pots in the presence of the C. olla fungus. In the pot experiment, the seedlings inoculated with the L. laccata fungus also showed increased growth of shoots and biomass. The effect of inoculation with the tested fungal strains, especially C. olla, on the growth and development of oilseed rape was probably indirect, as it also contributed to an increase in the number of microorganisms, especially soil bacteria. The expression of the metallothioneins in B. napus (BnMT1-BnMT3) varied depending on the fungal species. The presence of C. olla significantly increased BnMT2 expression in oilseed rape. It was found that BnMT1 expression increased and BnMT3 transcripts decreased in plants growing in the presence of L. laccata. This indicates the involvement of BnMT in the adaptation of oilseed rape to growth in fungi presence.

scholarly journals Biohardening of Tissue Cultured Banana Plantlets of cv. Ney Poovan for the Management of Fusarium wilt of Banana with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (VB7) Triggers Defence Gene Products and Growth Promotion

2020 ◽  
pp. 352-366
Author(s):  
C. Y. Shalini Udaya ◽  
S. Nakkeeran ◽  
K. Soorianathasundaram
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Bacterial Endophytes ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Ney Poovan ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana

Fusarium wilt of banana is the most devastating disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc). In order to combat the early onset of Fusarium wilt disease, an experiment was carried out on biohardening of tissue cultured plantlets. Six bacterial endophytes were observed to inhibit the growth of Foc in vitro. Among the six bacterial endophytes, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (VB7) inhibited mycelial growth of Foc to an extent of 70.58% over control. Further, these bacterial endophytes were used for biohardening of the tissue cultured banana plantlets cv. Ney Poovan (AB) during primary and secondary hardening stages. Among the bacterial endophytes, B. amyloliquefaciens was found to significantly enhance plant height, leaf production, root numbers and root length compared to untreated control. Activity of defense enzymes were  also enhanced and such increase in activity was observed to be to an  extent of 93.67% in peroxidase, 92.39% polyphenol oxidase, 97.60% phenylalanine ammonia lyase  and 26.23% in β-1, 3-glucanase defence enzymes in plants biohardened with B. amyloliquefaciens (VB7) over untreated control after inoculation of Foc. Tissue cultured plants of Ney Poovan biohardened with B. amyloliquefaciens   (VB7),   B.   paraconglomeratum   (YEB   PT2) and S. maltophilia (YEB RH2) were completely free from wilt incidence symptoms upto planting stage when challenged with Foc inoculum under pot culture conditions. As among these three endophytes, B. amyloliquefaciens (VB7) also influenced favourable growth promotion, it can serve as a potential biocontrol agent for management of Fusarium wilt of banana.

scholarly journals In Vitro 1H NMR Metabolic Profiles of Liver, Brain, and Serum in Rats After Chronic Consumption of Alcohol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya S. Pravdivtseva ◽  
Oleg B. Shevelev ◽  
Vadim V. Yanshole ◽  
Mikhail P. Moshkin ◽  
Igor V. Koptyug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe impact of alcohol on the body can be investigated with NMR spectroscopy in vitro, which can detect a wide range of metabolites but preparing samples includes tissue biopsy. Blood sampling is less invasive, but blood metabolic content might not reflect the changes occurring in other tissues. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the liver, brain, and serum metabolism and evaluate the link between tissues and serum metabolic content. Two experimental groups with ten outbred rats each were provided intragastrically with water (control group) and 50% ethanol solution (alcohol group) for 28 days. 1H NMR spectroscopy in vitro was performed on the brain cortex, liver, and serum samples. Student’s t test with Holm–Bonferroni correction was used to investigate significant differences between groups. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and two-way ANOVA were performed to compare liver and serum, brain and serum. In all, 38, 37, and 21 metabolites were identified in the liver, brain, and serum samples, respectively. Significant differences for three metabolites were found in the liver (alanine, proline, and glutathione, p < 0.002) and four in serum (lactate, betaine, acetate, and formic acid, p < 0.002) were detected between the control and alcohol groups. The contents of glucose, betaine, and isoleucine were correlated (r > 0.65) between serum and liver samples. PLS-DA determined separation between all tissues (p < 0.001) and between control and alcohol groups only for liver and serum (p < 0.001). Alcohol had a more substantial effect on liver and serum metabolism than on the brain.

scholarly journals Suitability of the MODIS-NDVI Time-Series for a Posteriori Evaluation of the Citrus Tristeza Virus Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965
Author(s):  
Daniela Vanella ◽  
Simona Consoli ◽  
Juan Miguel Ramírez-Cuesta ◽  
Matilde Tessitori
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ndvi Time Series ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

The technological advances of remote sensing (RS) have allowed its use in a number of fields of application including plant disease depiction. In this study, an RS approach based on an 18-year (i.e., 2001–2018) time-series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and processed with TIMESAT free software, was applied in Sicily (insular Italy). The RS approach was carried out in four orchards infected by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) at different temporal stages and characterized by heterogeneous conditions (e.g., elevation, location, plant age). The temporal analysis allowed the identification of specific metrics of the NDVI time-series at the selected sites during the study period. The most reliable parameter which was able to identify the temporal evolution of CTV syndrome and the impact of operational management practices was the “Base value” (i.e., average NDVI during the growing seasons, which reached R2 values up to 0.88), showing good relationships with “Peak value”, “Small integrated value” and “Amplitude”, with R2 values of 0.63, 0.70 and 0.75, respectively. The approach herein developed is valid to be transferred to regional agencies involved in and/or in charge of the management of plant diseases, especially if it is integrated with ground-based early detection methods or high-resolution RS approaches, in the case of quarantine plant pathogens requiring control measures at large-scale level.

scholarly journals New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maryani ◽  
M. Sandoval-Denis ◽  
L. Lombard ◽  
P.W. Crous ◽  
G.H.J. Kema
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana

Fusarium species are well known for their abundance, diversity and cosmopolitan life style. Many members of the genus Fusarium are associated with plant hosts, either as plant pathogens, secondary invaders, saprotrophs, and/or endophytes. We previously studied the diversity of Fusarium species in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) associated with Fusarium wilt of banana in Indonesia. In that study, several Fusarium species not belonging to the FOSC were found to be associated with Fusarium wilt of banana. These Fusarium isolates belonged to three Fusarium species complexes, which included the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) and the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSSC). Using a multi-gene phylogeny that included partial fragments of the beta-tubulin (tub), calmodulin (cmdA), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS), the large subunit of the rDNA (LSU), plus the RNA polymerase II large subunit (rpb1) and second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, we were able to identify and characterise several of these as new Fusarium species in the respective species complexes identified in this study.

scholarly journals The impact of invertebrate pests on pasture persistence and their interrelationship with biotic and abiotic factors

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
S.M. Zydenbos ◽  
B.I.P. Barratt ◽  
N.L. Bell ◽  
C.M. Ferguson ◽  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

New Zealand pastures are host to a range of native and exotic invertebrates. Many of these are pests that feed on the sown plant species, often causing plant death and deterioration in the productivity and persistence of the sward. While most research has focused on pest biology and control, studies of plant productivity show dramatic acute (short-medium term) and chronic (longterm) effects. For example, grass grub has been reported to cause 50% losses to ryegrass swards and Argentine stem weevil can cause a 20% loss of productivity, but the long term effects through loss of the sown species and changes in composition can be even more severe. Insect damage can be exacerbated by other biotic (e.g. weed invasion, grazing animals, plant pathogens) or abiotic factors (e.g. climate, soil fertility) to further reduce plant persistence. Some biotic and abiotic factors may interact with insect pests to have positive effects on pasture persistence, e.g. biocontrol agents that reduce pest density or addition of fertiliser to enable plants to recover from insect damage. For many pasture pests, knowledge of their ecology is based on research from over 20 years ago that, while still valid, needs to be updated to account for modern intensive pasture management practices, such as intensive grazing with a lack of reseeding, and new cultivars. To improve pasture persistence, integrated research programmes are needed that examine the relative importance of all factors contributing to plant survival and develop strategies to mitigate their effects. Keywords: Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, clover root weevil, drought, grass grub, grazing pressure, manuka beetle, nematodes, pasture persistence, pasture quality, pasture yield, porina, soil fertility, striped chafer.

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