scholarly journals MAT Loci Play Crucial Roles in Sexual Development but Are Dispensable for Asexual Reproduction and Pathogenicity in Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
Jiao-yu Wang ◽  
Shi-zhen Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Zhong-na Hao ◽  
Xiao-xiao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Mat Genes

Magnaporthe oryzae, a fungal pathogen that causes rice blast, which is the most destructive disease of rice worldwide, has the potential to perform both asexual and sexual reproduction. MAT loci, consisting of MAT genes, were deemed to determine the mating types of M. oryzae strains. However, investigation was rarely performed on the development and molecular mechanisms of the sexual reproduction of the fungus. In the present work, we analyzed the roles of two MAT loci and five individual MAT genes in the sex determination, sexual development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. Both of the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 loci are required for sex determination and the development of sexual structures. MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-3 and MAT1-2-1 genes are crucial for the formation of perithecium. MAT1-1-2 impacts the generation of asci and ascospores, while MAT1-2-2 is dispensable for sexual development. A GFP fusion experiment indicated that the protein of MAT1-1-3 is distributed in the nucleus. However, all of the MAT loci or MAT genes are dispensable for vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, pathogenicity and pathogenicity-related developments of the fungus, suggesting that sexual reproduction is regulated relatively independently in the development of the fungus. The data and methods of this work may be helpful to further understand the life cycle and the variation of the fungus.

scholarly journals Lessons in effector and NLR biology of plant-microbe systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Białas ◽  
Erin K. Zess ◽  
Juan Carlos De la Concepcion ◽  
Marina Franceschetti ◽  
Helen G. Pennington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Rice Blast Fungus ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Nucleotide Binding Domain ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Infection

A diversity of plant-associated organisms secrete effectors—proteins and metabolites that modulate plant physiology to favor host infection and colonization. However, effectors can also activate plant immune receptors, notably nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) proteins, enabling plants to fight off invading organisms. This interplay between effectors, their host targets, and the matching immune receptors is shaped by intricate molecular mechanisms and exceptionally dynamic coevolution. In this article, we focus on three effectors, AVR-Pik, AVR-Pia, and AVR-Pii, from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), and their corresponding rice NLR immune receptors, Pik, Pia, and Pii, to highlight general concepts of plant-microbe interactions. We draw 12 lessons in effector and NLR biology that have emerged from studying these three little effectors and are broadly applicable to other plant-microbe systems.

Mating types and sexual development in filamentous ascomycetes

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Coppin ◽  
R Debuchy ◽  
S Arnaise ◽  
M Picard
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Podospora Anserina ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Dna Binding Domains ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Hormonal Signal ◽  
Mat Genes

The progress made in the molecular characterization of the mating types in several filamentous ascomycetes has allowed us to better understand their role in sexual development and has brought to light interesting biological problems. The mating types of Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, and Cochliobolus heterostrophus consist of unrelated and unique sequences containing one or several genes with multiple functions, related to sexuality or not, such as vegetative incompatibility in N. crassa. The presence of putative DNA binding domains in the proteins encoded by the mating-type (mat) genes suggests that they may be transcriptional factors. The mat genes play a role in cell-cell recognition at fertilization, probably by activating the genes responsible for the hormonal signal whose occurrence was previously demonstrated by physiological experiments. They also control recognition between nuclei at a later stage, when reproductive nuclei of each mating type which have divided in the common cytoplasm pair within the ascogenous hyphae. How self is distinguished from nonself at the nuclear level is not known. The finding that homothallic species, able to mate in the absence of a partner, contain both mating types in the same haploid genome has raised more issues than it has resolved. The instability of the mating type, in particular in Sclerotinia trifolorium and Botrytinia fuckeliana, is also unexplained. This diversity of mating systems, still more apparent if the yeasts and the basidiomycetes are taken into account, clearly shows that no single species can serve as a universal mating-type model.

scholarly journals Metabolism and Development during Conidial Germination in Response to a Carbon-Nitrogen-Rich Synthetic or a Natural Source of Nutrition inNeurospora crassa

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Cristina Miguel-Rojas ◽  
Francesc Lopez-Giraldez ◽  
Oded Yarden ◽  
Frances Trail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genes Expression

ABSTRACTFungal spores germinate and undergo vegetative growth, leading to either asexual or sexual reproductive dispersal. Previous research has indicated that among developmental regulatory genes, expression is conserved across nutritional environments, whereas pathways for carbon and nitrogen metabolism appear highly responsive—perhaps to accommodate differential nutritive processing. To comprehensively investigate conidial germination and the adaptive life history decision-making underlying these two modes of reproduction, we profiled transcription ofNeurospora crassagerminating on two media: synthetic Bird medium, designed to promote asexual reproduction; and a natural maple sap medium, on which both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction manifest. A later start to germination but faster development was observed on synthetic medium. Metabolic genes exhibited altered expression in response to nutrients—at least 34% of the genes in the genome were significantly downregulated during the first two stages of conidial germination on synthetic medium. Knockouts of genes exhibiting differential expression across development altered germination and growth rates, as well as in one case causing abnormal germination. A consensus Bayesian network of these genes indicated especially tight integration of environmental sensing, asexual and sexual development, and nitrogen metabolism on a natural medium, suggesting that in natural environments, a more dynamic and tentative balance of asexual and sexual development may be typical ofN. crassacolonies.IMPORTANCEOne of the most remarkable successes of life is its ability to flourish in response to temporally and spatially varying environments. Fungi occupy diverse ecosystems, and their sensitivity to these environmental changes often drives major fungal life history decisions, including the major switch from vegetative growth to asexual or sexual reproduction. Spore germination comprises the first and simplest stage of vegetative growth. We examined the dependence of this early life history on the nutritional environment using genome-wide transcriptomics. We demonstrated that for developmental regulatory genes, expression was generally conserved across nutritional environments, whereas metabolic gene expression was highly labile. The level of activation of developmental genes did depend on current nutrient conditions, as did the modularity of metabolic and developmental response network interactions. This knowledge is critical to the development of future technologies that could manipulate fungal growth for medical, agricultural, or industrial purposes.

scholarly journals Preformed expression of defense is a hallmark of partial resistance to rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Vergne ◽  
Xavier Grand ◽  
Elsa Ballini ◽  
Véronique Chalvon ◽  
P Saindrenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Rice Blast

scholarly journals Elucidation of the determinant for orchestration of solo unisexual cycle in an important human fungal pathogen

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengjie Hu ◽  
Huimin Liu ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Guang-Jun He ◽  
Xiuyun Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Human Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Sexual Determination ◽  
Functional Profiling

AbstractIn fungi, the sex-determination program universally directs sexual development and syngamy (the fusion of gametes) that underlies pre-meiotic diploidization. However, the contribution of sex-determination to syngamy-independent sexual cycle, which requires autopolyploidization as an alternative approach to elevate ploidy before meiosis, remains unclear in fungi and other eukaryotes. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, as a model organism for studying fungal sexual reproduction, can undergo syngamy-dependent bisexual and syngamy-independent solo unisexual reproduction, in which endoreplication is considered to enable pre-meiotic self-diploidization. Here, by characterizing a mutant lacking all the core sex-determination factors, we show that sex-determination plays a central role in bisexual syngamy but is not strictly required for unisexual development and self-diploidization. This implies an unknown circuit, rather than the sex-determination program, for specifically coordinating Cryptococcus unisexual cycle. We reveal that syngamy and self-diploidization are both governed by the Qsp1-directed paracrine system via two regulatory branches, Vea2 and Cqs2. Vea2 directs bisexual syngamy through the sex-determination program; conversely, Cqs2 is dispensable for bisexual syngamy but activates unisexual endoreplication. Through functional profiling of 41 transcription factors documented to regulate Cryptococcus sexual development, we reveal that only Cqs2 can drive and integrate all unisexual phases and ensure the production of meiospore progenies. Furthermore, ChIP-seq analysis together with genetic evaluation indicate that Cqs2 induces unisexual self-diploidization through its direct control of PUM1, whose expression is sufficient to drive autopolyploidization. Therefore, Cqs2 serves as the critical determinant that orchestrates Cryptococcus multistage unisexual cycle that does not strictly require the sexual-determination program.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Profiling of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and Its Host Oryza sativa During Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongbum Jeon ◽  
Gir-Won Lee ◽  
Ki-Tae Kim ◽  
Sook-Young Park ◽  
Seongbeom Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Fungal Genes

The rice blast (fungal pathogen: Magnaporthe oryzae and host: Oryza sativa) is one of the most important model pathosystems for understanding plant–microbe interactions. Although both genome sequences were published as the first cases of pathogen and host, only a few in planta transcriptome data during infection are available. Due to technical difficulties, previously reported fungal transcriptome data are not highly qualified to comprehensively profile the expression of fungal genes during infection. Here, we report the high-quality transcriptomes of M. oryzae and rice during infection using a sheath infection-based RNA sequencing approach. This comprehensive expression profiling of the fungal pathogen and its host will provide a better platform for understanding the plant–microbe interactions at the genomic level and serve as a valuable resource for the research community.

scholarly journals Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Sexual Development-Related Genes of the Ornate Spiny Lobster (Panulirus ornatus)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Tomer Ventura ◽  
Jennifer C. Chandler ◽  
Tuan V. Nguyen ◽  
Cameron J. Hyde ◽  
Abigail Elizur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Homology Search ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sex Determination Mechanisms

Sexual development involves the successive and overlapping processes of sex determination, sexual differentiation, and ultimately sexual maturation, enabling animals to reproduce. This provides a mechanism for enriched genetic variation which enables populations to withstand ever-changing environments, selecting for adapted individuals and driving speciation. The molecular mechanisms of sexual development display a bewildering diversity, even in closely related taxa. Many sex determination mechanisms across animals include the key family of “doublesex- and male abnormal3-related transcription factors” (Dmrts). In a few exceptional species, a single Dmrt residing on a sex chromosome acts as the master sex regulator. In this study, we provide compelling evidence for this model of sex determination in the ornate spiny lobster Panulius ornatus, concurrent with recent reports in the eastern spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi. Using a multi-tissue transcriptomic database established for P. ornatus, we screened for the key factors associated with sexual development (by homology search and using previous knowledge of these factors from related species), providing an in-depth understanding of sexual development in decapods. Further research has the potential to close significant gaps in our understanding of reproductive development in this ecologically and commercially significant order.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Avirulence Genes in Magnaporthe oryzae

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mui Sie Jee ◽  
Leonard Whye Kit Lim ◽  
Martina Azelin Dirum ◽  
Sara Ilia Che Hashim ◽  
Muhammad Shafiq Masri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Avirulence Genes ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Avr Gene ◽  
Avr Genes

Magnaporthe oryzae is a fungal pathogen contributing to rice blast diseases globally via their Avr (avirulence) gene. Although the occurrence of M. oryzae has been reported in Sarawak since several decades ago, however, none has focused specifically on Avr genes, which confer resistance against pathogen associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in host. The objective of this study is to isolate Avr genes from M. oryzae 7’ (a Sarawak isolate) that may contribute to susceptibility of rice towards diseases. In this study, AvrPiz-t, AVR-Pik, Avr-Pi54, and AVR-Pita1 genes were isolated via PCR and cloning approaches. The genes were then compared with set of similar genes from related isolates derived from NCBI. Results revealed that all eight Avr genes (including four other global isolates) shared similar N-myristoylation site and a novel motif. 3D modeling revealed similar β-sandwich structure in AvrPiz-t and AVR-Pik despite sequence dissimilarities. In conclusion, it is confirmed of the presence of these genes in the Sarawak (M. oryzae) isolate. This study implies that Sarawak isolate may confer similar avirulence properties as their counterparts worldwide. Further R/Avr gene-for-gene relationship studies may aid in strategic control of rice blast diseases in future.

scholarly journals Mating Types Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Populations by Molecular Methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soma Samanta ◽  
Urmila Dhua ◽  
Shubhransu Nayak ◽  
L. Behera ◽  
A. K. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Sexual Recombination ◽  
Rice Leaves

Rice blast is a devastating disease which is caused by the heterothallic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Compatible sexual recombination which occurs between two M. oryzae strains of different mating types, can enhance genetic variability. Assessment of mating type alleles is used as a marker to measure population diversity. Forty six isolates of M. oryzae were collected from infected rice leaves from various ecosystems of coastal Odisha, India, and the mating type analysis using molecular markers was carried out. MAT1-1 mating type was dominating in all the ecosystems and MAT1-2 was found to be present in uplands as well as in irrigated fields. Both mating types could be found in the same field in irrigated ecosystem. The disease spread was very fast vertically as well as horizontally in those fields resulting in blast lesions looking as ‘green islands (gi) produced in senescence leaves’, and MAT1-2 was found to be associated with all gi lesions. Consequently, the management of the disease in those plots was very difficult. Interestingly, ribosomal RNA IGS region could not be amplified in MAT1-2 isolates but consistent amplification was obtained in MAT1-1 mating type isolates.

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