scholarly journals Assessment of the Spatial Distribution and Risk Associated with Fruit Rot Disease in Areca catechu L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Patil Balanagouda ◽  
Shankarappa Sridhara ◽  
Sandip Shil ◽  
Vinayaka Hegde ◽  
Manjunatha K. Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Indicator Kriging ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Rot Disease

Phytophthora meadii (McRae) is a hemibiotrophic oomycete fungus that infects tender nuts, growing buds, and crown regions, resulting in fruit, bud, and crown rot diseases in arecanut (Areca catechu L.), respectively. Among them, fruit rot disease (FRD) causes serious economic losses that are borne by the growers, making it the greatest yield-limiting factor in arecanut crops. FRD has been known to occur in traditional growing areas since 1910, particularly in Malnad and coastal tracts of Karnataka. Systemic surveys were conducted on the disease several decades ago. The design of appropriate management approaches to curtail the impacts of the disease requires information on the spatial distribution of the risks posed by the disease. In this study, we used exploratory survey data to determine areas that are most at risk. Point pattern (spatial autocorrelation and Ripley’s K function) analyses confirmed the existence of moderate clustering across sampling points and optimized hotspots of FRD were determined. Geospatial techniques such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), and indicator kriging (IK) were performed to predict the percent severity rates at unsampled sites. IDW and OK generated identical maps, whereby the FRD severity rates were higher in areas adjacent to the Western Ghats and the seashore. Additionally, IK was used to identify both disease-prone and disease-free areas in Karnataka. After fitting the semivariograms with different models, the exponential model showed the best fit with the semivariogram. Using this model information, OK and IK maps were generated. The identified FRD risk areas in our study, which showed higher disease probability rates (>20%) exceeding the threshold level, need to be monitored with the utmost care to contain and reduce the further spread of the disease in Karnataka.

scholarly journals A Photographic Diagnostic Guide for Identification of the Principal Cranberry Fruit Rot Pathogens

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D. Wells ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Identification Guide ◽  
Rot Disease

Many fungal species contribute to the cranberry fruit rot disease complex, the most devastating disease problem of cranberry crops, but the most significant economic losses can be attributed to a subset of five to seven species. Identifying these pathogens requires rotten cranberries to be culture on different microbiological media, where colony appearance differs. The objective of this report is to provide a photographic identification guide for each of the eight principal fruit rot pathogens when grown on different microbiological media. Accepted for publication 17 April 2013. Published 29 July 2013.

scholarly journals Actigard Reduces Anthracnose on Field-grown Strawberry

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 824E-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L. Shuman* ◽  
Anthony D. Bratsch
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Plot

Anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) and crown rot can cause severe economic losses on susceptible `Chandler' and `Camarosa' strawberry in Virginia: `Sweet Charlie' and `Bish' are moderately resistant to resistant. Actigard (acibenzolar-S-methyl), an inducer of systemic acquired resistance, has been effective at reducing black spot and speck on tomato, blue mold on tobacco, and fire blight on apple. The objective of this study was to determine if Actigard, when spray-applied to field-grown strawberry, can reduce AFR better than or equal to several registered fungicides. Four varieties (VAR) (Chandler, Camarosa, Sweet Charlie, and Bish) were treated with four fungicides (FUNG) (water control, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and actigard). Experimental design was a split plot with FUNG as the main plot and VAR as the split plot with four replicates. Standard annual hill system practices were used throughout. Plots were inoculated three times throughout the harvest season with a conidia: water solution of 1 × 106 conidia per mL. Plots were treated with FUNG on a 14-day schedule from bloom to end of season. Plots were visually assessed for anthracnose and fruit were harvested 2× weekly and weighed into four categories: marketable, cull, fruit with anthracnose, and fruit with other diseases. Environmental conditions were conducive for anthracnose development: extended periods of rain and high relative humidity. Plots treated with water control had more AFR, other fruit rots, and higher overall disease ratings than those treated with a compound. Plots treated with actigard had the same level of AFR as did those treated with azoxystrobin. `Chandler' and `Camarosa' had considerably more AFR than `Sweet Charlie' and `Bish' had the least amount over all FUNG.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of Pseudaletia sequax Franclemlont in triticale under no-till management

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Regina Grego ◽  
Sidney Rosa Vieira ◽  
André Luiz Lourenção
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Indicator Kriging ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Semivariogram Analysis ◽  
No Till

The knowledge of the spatial distribution of insect populations in crops allows the estimation of the population density in space, the classification of damage impact on yield as well as decisions to be made about control measures. To evaluate the spatial distribution of the wheat armyworm Pseudaletia sequax Franclemont, in relation to the development and yield of triticale (Triticum secale Wittmack) under no-till management, samplings were taken at 302 points in a square grid measuring 10 x 10 m, in Campinas, SP, Brazil. The caterpillar population was evaluated by counting their number per meter at the base of triticale plants. Grain yield (kg ha-1), cover of the above-ground part (kg ha-1), mean plant height (m), and ground cover percentage were evaluated after the triticale crop was mechanically harvested, with the measurement of the mass of straw left on soil surface. Geostatistics was used to analyze spatial variability, by means of semivariogram analysis, and interpolation of data by both ordinary and indicator kriging, considering the injury threshold level of ten caterpillars per square meter to construct isoline maps. Spatial dependence occurred for all variables, demonstrating an aggregate spatial distribution pattern of the caterpillar in triticale. Random sampling in this area would fail to reveal that grain yield was affected at the location with the greatest occurrence of the caterpillar. At that location, the economic injury level was exceeded, which would justify the adoption of control measures against the pest.

scholarly journals Management of Fruit Rot Disease of Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) caused by (Phytophthora meadii Mc Rae.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 837-847
Author(s):  
B. Gangadhara Naik ◽  
H.P. Maheshwarappa ◽  
Gowdra Nagamma ◽  
S. Latha
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Rot Disease

Preharvest Applications of Fungicides for Control of Sphaeropsis Rot in Stored Apples

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Sphaeropsis rot caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple in Washington State and causes significant economic losses. Infection of apple fruit by the fungus occurs in the orchard, but decay symptoms develop during storage or in the market. The objective of this study was to evaluate preharvest fungicide applications to control Sphaeropsis rot. Thirty isolates of the fungus collected from various sources were tested for sensitivity to the registered fungicides Pristine, Topsin M, and Ziram using an in vitro mycelial growth assay. In the orchard, ‘Golden Delicious' apple fruit were inoculated with the conidial suspension of the fungus at 2 or 5 weeks before harvest, sprayed with fungicides within 2 weeks before harvest, and harvested and stored at 0°C for disease evaluation. All three fungicides effectively inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus in the in vitro tests. On apple fruit in four seasons, Pristine applied 1 week and Ziram applied 2 weeks before harvest significantly reduced incidence of Sphaeropsis rot compared to the nontreated control by 43 to 80% and 42 to 83%, respectively. In 4 years of testing, the performance of Topsin M was less consistent than that of Pristine and Ziram. Accepted for publication 18 July 2013. Published 19 September 2013.

scholarly journals First Report of Postharvest Fruit Rot Disease of Hardy Kiwifruit Caused by Diaporthe eres in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Liu ◽  
Xiaomei GUO ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Yue Cao ◽  
QUN SUN
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rot Disease

Hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta), as an economically important fruit crop growing in Northeast China with thin, hairless and smooth skin, is susceptible to postharvest decay. In September 2018, infected cultivar Kwilv fruits were obtained from a commercial farm in Liaoning province, northeastern China. The occurring incidence of the rot disease varied from 20% to 90% according to the fruit number in each box during a 7-day-long storage at room temperature, and the initial symptom included a small, soft, chlorosis to light brown lesion and later watery brown lesions. Pure cultures of the same characteristics were obtained from the isolated strains in four rotten fruits on PDA medium. The isolates grew into transparent radial mycelium on PDA in the first two days followed by abundant white, fluffy aerial mycelium. After 14 days, colonies formed white to light brown aerial mycelial mats with gray concentric rings, and they produced gray and embedded pycnidia. Alpha conidia of 4.4 to 8.8 µm × 1.4 to 3.3 µm (n = 50) were abundant in culture, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, while Beta conidia at 20.5 to 28.6 µm × 1.0 to 1.4 µm (n = 50) were hyaline, long, slender, curved to hamate. These morphological characteristics were similar to Diaporthe species (anamorph: Phomopsis spp.) (Udayanga et al. 2014). For identification, DNA was extracted from three single isolates respectively , and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (BT), and histone (HIS) H3 gene were amplified by using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), T1/T22 (O'Donnell et al. 1997) and HIS1F/HISR (Gao et al. 2017), respectively. The three isolates produced identical sequences across all three gene regions, which were submitted to NCBI (Genbank accession numbers MT561361, MT561360 and MT855966). Nucleotide BLAST analysis revealed that the ITS sequence shared 99% homology with those of ex-type Diaporthe eres in NCBI GenBank (MG281047.1 and KJ210529.1), so did the BT sequence that had 98% identity to D. eres (MG281256.1 and KJ420799.1) and the HIS 99% identity to D. eres (MG28431.1 and MG281395.1) (Hosseini et al. 2020, Udayanga et al. 2014). Pathogenicity was tested by wound inoculation on the cv. Kwilv fruits. Five mature and healthy fruits were surface-sterilized with 1% NaClO solution, rinsed in sterile distilled water and dried. Every fruit was wounded by penetrate the peel 1-2 mm with a sterile needle, and inoculated with mycelium plugs (5 mm in diameter) of the isolate on PDA, with five inoculated with sterile PDA plugs as controls. Treated fruits were kept in sterilized transparent plastic cans separately under high humidity (RH 90 to 100%) at 28°C. After five days, the same rot symptoms were observed on all fruits inoculated with mycelium while the control remained symptomless. The fungi was re-isolated from the lesions of inoculated fruits and identified as D. eres by sequencing, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity experiment was re-performed using D. eres conidial suspension (107 conidia/ml) in sterile distilled water in October 2019 and the same results were obtained. D. eres was recently reported to cause European pear rot in Italy (Bertetti et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. eres causing a postharvest rot in hardy kiwifruit in China, leading to severe disease and thus huge economic losses in Northeast China. Accordingly, effective measures should be taken to prevent its spreading to other production regions in China.

scholarly journals Sources and Availability of Inoculum and Seasonal Survival of Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens in Apple Orchards

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
North Central ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Sampling Times ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is the cause of Sphaeropsis rot, a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple. Infection of apple fruit by the fungus is believed to occur in the orchard, and symptoms develop during storage or in the market. S. pyriputrescens also is the cause of a twig dieback and canker disease of apple and crabapple trees. To determine sources of pathogen inoculum in the orchard, twigs with dieback and canker symptoms, dead fruit spurs, dead bark, and fruit mummies on the trees were collected and examined for the presence of pycnidia of S. pyriputrescens. To monitor inoculum availability during the growing season from early May to early November, dead fruit spurs or twigs from Fuji trees, and twigs with dieback from crabapple trees (as a source of pollen for apple production) in a Fuji orchard as well as dead fruit spurs and dead bark from Red Delicious trees in a Red Delicious orchard were sampled periodically and examined for the presence and viability of pycnidia of S. pyriputrescens. To determine seasonal survival and production of pycnidia of the fungus on twigs, apple twigs were inoculated in early December, sampled periodically for up to 12 months after inoculation, examined for the presence of pycnidia, and subjected to isolation of the fungus from diseased tissues to determine its survival. Pycnidia of S. pyriputrescens were observed on diseased twigs, dead fruit spurs and bark, and mummified fruit on both apple and crabapple trees, suggesting that these tissues were the sources of inoculum for fruit infection in the orchard. With the combined observations from two orchards during three growing seasons, viable pycnidia of the fungus were present throughout the year and observed in 50 to 100% of the Fuji trees, >90% of crabapple trees, and 0 to 50% of the Red Delicious trees. S. pyriputrescens was recovered from diseased tissues of inoculated twigs at all sampling times up to 12 months after inoculation. The results suggest that S. pyriputrescens can survive as mycelium in diseased twigs in north-central Washington State and that availability of viable S. pyriputrescens pycnidia is unlikely a limiting factor for infection of apple fruit in the orchard leading to Sphaeropsis rot during storage.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization and in vitro control measures of fruit rot disease of Sweet pepper

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
MRI Mallik ◽  
MM Sikder ◽  
MK Hossain ◽  
MB Billah ◽  
N Alam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Solid Culture ◽  
Rot Disease

Fruit rot disease of sweet pepper is one of the main fungal diseases causing huge economic losses to the grower. An experiment was conducted to find out the fungal pathogen associated with fruit rot disease of sweet pepper, obtained from experimental fields of Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. Fruit rot disease-causing fungus was isolated from infected fruits and identified using morphological characterization based on colony features, mycelia, conidia as well as molecular characterization based on internal transcribe spacer (ITS) region of the fungus. ITS sequence of our studied fungus MH368146.1 was genetically 99-100% similar to sequences of Fusarium solani in NCBI database. Typical fruit rot symptoms were reproduced by artificial inoculations of the isolated fungus. The mycelial growth of this fungus was evaluated on ten different solid culture media i.e., Potato Dextrose Agar, Yeast Extract Agar, Honey Peptone Agar, Hansen’s Medium, Sabouraud’s Glucose Agar, Kauffman’s Agar, Potato Sucrose Agar, Richard’s Agar and Carrot Agar. Fungus grew well on all tested solid culture media. Several bio-control agents and two commercial fungicides were evaluated against isolated fungus under in vitro condition, in which the highest percent inhibition of radial growth of the fungus was determined as 64.75% due to Trichoderma reesei isolate 2, and 60.63% by Tilt 250 EC (500 ppm) at 7 days post-incubation. Therefore, T. reesei was found as the most suitable to control the growth of F. solani under laboratory conditions. However, further pot and field trials needed to be confirmed the bio-control potential of it. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 108-116, Dec 2021

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE TO CONTROL CROWN ROT OF BANANA CAUSED BY FUSARIUM SEMITECTUM

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ather ◽  
Muhammad Waris ◽  
Muhammad Azhar ◽  
Saeed Ahmed ◽  
Masood Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fusarium Semitectum ◽  
Rot Disease

Crown rot disease of Banana is adversely affecting the quantity and quality of the fruits for consumption and utilization. The bananas collected from the local markets of Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Quetta were found suffered with different types of rots such as crown rot, anthracnose, fruit rot and stem end rot. Among them crown rot of banana was found predominantly followed by anthracnose and other fruit rots. Incidence and severity varied with the markets and locations. Fusarium semitectum found predominately associated with the affected fruits showing crown rot symptoms. So yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were evaluated against F. semitectum under in-vitro conditions. S. cerevisiae also tested against crown rot disease development of banana fruit inoculated with F. semitectum. The addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the culture medium has brought 93% reduction in the growth of F. semitectum. yeast were also tested against crown rot disease development on banana fruits by direct contact method. Yeast treatment brought more than 40% reduction in crown rot disease development as compared to the untreated fruits. The present study indicates that active yeast have the potential to manage harmful plant pathogens and thus could provide an alternate, reliable and eco-friendly control of crown rot disease.

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci ControllingPhytophthora cactorumResistance in the Cultivated Octoploid Strawberry (Fragariaxananassa)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte F. Nellist ◽  
Robert J. Vickerstaff ◽  
Maria K. Sobczyk ◽  
César Marina-Montes ◽  
Philip Brain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Rot Disease

ABSTRACTThe cultivated strawberry,Fragaria x ananassa(Fragariaspp.) is the most economically important global soft fruit.Phytophthora cactorum, a water-borne oomycete causes economic losses in strawberry production globally. A bi-parental cross of octoploid cultivated strawberry segregating for resistance toP. cactorum, the causative agent of crown rot disease, was screened using artificial inoculation. Multiple resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified and mapped. Three major effect QTL (FaRPc6C,FaRPc6DandFaRPc7D) explained 36% of the variation observed and in total, the detected QTL explained 86% of the variation observed. There were no epistatic interactions detected between the three major QTLs. Testing a subset of the mapping population progeny against a range ofP. cactorumisolates revealed no major differences in host response, however, some lines showed higher susceptibility than predicted, indicating that additional undetected factors may affect the expression of some quantitative resistance loci. Using historic crown rot disease score data from strawberry accessions, a preliminary genome-wide association study of 114 individuals revealed additional loci associated with resistance toP. cactorum. Mining ofFragaria vescaHawaii 4 v1.1 genome revealed candidate resistance genes in the QTL regions.

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