scholarly journals Potential of Antifungal Proteins (AFPs) to Control Penicillium Postharvest Fruit Decay

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Mónica Gandía ◽  
Anant Kakar ◽  
Moisés Giner-Llorca ◽  
Jeanett Holzknecht ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Culebras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Antifungal Proteins ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Neosartorya Fischeri ◽  
Species Specific

Penicillium phytopathogenic species provoke severe postharvest disease and economic losses. Penicillium expansum is the main pome fruit phytopathogen while Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum cause citrus green and blue mold, respectively. Control strategies rely on the use of synthetic fungicides, but the appearance of resistant strains and safety concerns have led to the search for new antifungals. Here, the potential application of different antifungal proteins (AFPs) including the three Penicillium chrysogenum proteins (PAF, PAFB and PAFC), as well as the Neosartorya fischeri NFAP2 protein to control Penicillium decay, has been evaluated. PAFB was the most potent AFP against P. digitatum, P. italicum and P. expansum, PAFC and NFAP2 showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas PAF was the least active protein. In fruit protection assays, PAFB provoked a reduction of the incidence of infections caused by P. digitatum and P. italicum in oranges and by P. expansum in apples. A combination of AFPs did not result in an increase in the efficacy of disease control. In conclusion, this study expands the antifungal inhibition spectrum of the AFPs evaluated, and demonstrates that AFPs act in a species-specific manner. PAFB is a promising alternative compound to control Penicillium postharvest fruit decay.

scholarly journals Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Penicillium expansum Growth by Disturbing the Carbohydrate Metabolic Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Tongfei Lai ◽  
Yangying Sun ◽  
Yaoyao Liu ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Yuanzhi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Regulatory Enzymes ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that mainly threatens the global pome fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, the antifungal effects and potential mechanism of cinnamon oil against P. expansum were investigated. Results indicated that 0.25 mg L−1 cinnamon oil could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, conidial production, mycelial accumulation, and expansion of P. expansum. In addition, it could effectively control blue mold rots induced by P. expansum in apples. Cinnamon oil could also reduce the expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Through a proteomic quantitative analysis, a total of 146 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, most of which were down-regulated, were noticed for their large number and functional significance. Meanwhile, the expressions of 14 candidate genes corresponding to DEPs and the activities of six key regulatory enzymes (involving in cellulose hydrolyzation, Krebs circle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway) showed a similar trend in protein levels. In addition, extracellular carbohydrate consumption, intracellular carbohydrate accumulation, and ATP production of P. expansum under cinnamon oil stress were significantly decreased. Basing on the correlated and mutually authenticated results, we speculated that disturbing the fungal carbohydrate metabolic process would be partly responsible for the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on P. expansum growth. The findings would provide new insights into the antimicrobial mode of cinnamon oil.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Pathogens and Colonization of the Apple Surface by Antagonistic Microorganisms in the Field

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1103-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Leibinger ◽  
Barbara Breuker ◽  
Matthias Hahn ◽  
Kurt Mendgen
Keyword(s):  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Control Post

Selected isolates of Aureobasidium pullulans, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Bacillus subtilis reduced the size and number of lesions on wounded apples caused by the postharvest pathogens Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and Pezicula malicorticis. Combinations of the antagonistic microorganisms were applied to apple trees in the field late in the growing season of two consecutive years. The population dynamics of the introduced microorganisms and the incidence of fruit decay were determined. Population sizes of introduced antagonists on apple surfaces increased in the field following application of treatments until harvest. After transfer of the fruit from the field into cold storage, the populations of the introduced antagonists remained higher than in the control treatments. Identification of the applied isolates of A. pullulans and R. glutinis during the experiments was achieved by isolate-specific DNA probes generated from random amplified polymorphic DNA. A combination of two strains of A. pullulans and one strain of R. glutinis suppressed rotting of apple to the same extent as the commonly used fungicide Euparen. Our data demonstrate that the application of antagonistic microorganisms in the field represents a promising alternative to fungicide treatments to control post-harvest diseases of apple.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Fruit with Short-Chain Organic Acids to Reduce the Potential of Postharvest Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Fruit Decay

Vapors of acetic (1.9 or 2.5 μl/liter), formic (1.2 μl/liter), and propionic (2.5 μl/liter) acids were tested for postharvest decay control on 8 cherry, 14 pome, and 3 citrus fruit cultivars. Surfacesterilized fruit were inoculated with known fungal pathogens by drying 20-μl drops of spore suspension on marked locations on each fruit, placing at 10°C to equilibrate for approximately 24 h, and fumigating by evaporating the above acids in 12.7-liter airtight fumigation chambers for 30 min. Immediately after fumigation, the fruit were removed, aerated, aseptically injured, and placed at 20°C until decay occurred. All three fumigants controlled Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer on cherry. Formic acid increased fruit pitting on six of eight cultivars and was the only organic acid to increase blackening of cherry stems when compared to the control. Decay of pome fruit caused by P. expansum was reduced from 98% to 16, 4, or 8% by acetic, formic, and propionic acids, respectively, without injury to the fruit. Decay of citrus fruit by P. digitatum was reduced from 86 to 11% by all three acids, although browning of the fruit peel was observed on grapefruit and oranges fumigated with formic acid.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick II ◽  
Franz J. Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Characterization of Fludioxonil-Resistant and Pyrimethanil-Resistant Phenotypes of Penicillium expansum from Apple

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. X. Li ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Resistant Mutants

Penicillium expansum is the primary cause of blue mold, a major postharvest disease of apple. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil are two newly registered postharvest fungicides for pome fruit in the United States. To evaluate the potential risk of resistance development in P. expansum to the new postharvest fungicides, one isolate of each of thiabendazole-resistant (TBZ-R) and -sensitive (TBZ-S) P. expansum was exposed to UV radiation to generate fungicide-resistant mutants. Four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants (EC50 > 1,000 μg/ml) and four pyrimethanil-resistant mutants (EC50 > 10 μg/ml) were tested for sensitivities to thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, and fitness parameters including mycelial growth, sporulation on potato dextrose agar (PDA), sensitivity to osmotic stress, and pathogenicity and sporulation on apple fruit. The stability of resistance of the mutants was tested on PDA and apple fruit. Efficacy of the three fungicides to control blue mold incited by the mutants was evaluated on apple fruit. Six fungicide-resistant phenotypes were identified among the parental wild-type isolates and their mutants based upon their resistance levels. All four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants were sensitive to pyrimethanil and retained the same phenotypes of resistance to TBZ as the parental isolates. All four pyrimethanil-resistant mutants had a low level of resistance to fludioxonil with a resistance factor >15. The two pyrimethanil-resistant mutants derived from a TBZ-S isolate became resistant to TBZ at 5 μg/ml. After 20 successive generations on PDA and four generations on apple fruit, the mutants retained the same phenotypes as the original generations. All mutants were pathogenic on apple fruit at both 0 and 20°C, but fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants were less virulent and produced fewer conidia on apple fruit than pyrimethanil-resistant mutants and their parental wild-type isolates. Compared with the parental isolates, all four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants had an increased sensitivity to osmotic stress on PDA amended with NaCl, while the pyrimethanil-resistant mutants did not. Pyrimethanil was effective against blue mold caused by fludioxonil-resistant mutants at both 0 and 20°C. Pyrimethanil and fludioxonil reduced blue mold incited by pyrimethanil-resistant mutants during 12-week storage at 0°C but were not effective at 20°C. TBZ was not effective against pyrimethanil-resistant mutants derived from TBZ-S wild-type isolates at room temperature but provided some control at 0°C. The results indicate that: (i) a fitness cost was associated with fludioxonil highly resistant mutants of P. expansum in both saprophytic and pathogenic phases of the pathogen but not pyrimethanil-resistant mutants; (ii) pyrimethanil possessed a higher risk than fludioxonil in the development of resistance in P. expansum; and (iii) triple resistance to the three apple-postharvest fungicides could emerge and become a practical problem if resistance to pyrimethanil develops in P. expansum populations.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M Jurick II ◽  
Franz J Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Interaction between Penicillium expansum and Apple Fruit (Malus pumila Mill.) during Early Stages of Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaili Wang ◽  
Xiangfeng Zheng ◽  
Xiaoyun Zhang ◽  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Qiya Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Early Stages

Blue mold, caused by Penicillium expansum, is an important postharvest disease of apple, and can result in significant economic losses. The present study investigated the interaction between P. expansum and wounded apple fruit tissues during the early stages of the infection. Spores of P. expansum became activated one hour post-inoculation (hpi), exhibited swelling at 3 hpi, and the germ tubes were found entering into apple tissues at 6 hpi. RNA-seq was performed on samples of P. expansum and apple fruit tissue collected at 1, 3, and 6 hpi. The main differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were identified in P. expansum were related to interaction, cell wall degradation enzymes, anti-oxidative stress, pH regulation, and effectors. Apple tissues responded to the presence of P. expansum by activating pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) at 1 hpi, then activated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) at 3 hpi. This research provides new information on the interaction between P. expansum and apple fruit tissue at an early stage of the infection process.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M Jurick II ◽  
Franz J Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Identification of Penicillium expansum causing postharvest blue mold decay of apple fruit

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Vico ◽  
Natasa Duduk ◽  
Miljan Vasic ◽  
Milica Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Storage Facilities

Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom. is one of the most important postharvest pathogens of apple fruit worldwide. It causes blue mold, a decay that can lead to significant economic losses during storage, which can also impact fruit destined for processing due to the production of carcinogenic mycotoxin patulin. Apple fruit cvs. Idared, Golden Delicious and Braeburn with blue mold symptoms were collected from five storage facilities in Serbia and nine fungal isolates were obtained. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested and proven by artificial inoculation of healthy apples cv. Idared. In order to identify the causal agents of decay, morphological and molecular methods were used. Colony morphology and microscopic features were observed on differential media, and isolates were tested for the production of cyclopiazonic acid. Molecular analysis included PCR amplification with species specific primers for P. expansum based on polygalacturonase gene (Pepg1), universal primers for internal transcribed spacer rDNA region and primers based on ?-tubulin gene. All isolates formed compact blue green colonies with characteristic earthy odor. Conidiophores were terverticillate with smooth septate stipes and conidia were smooth, globose to subglobose, born in colums. The average size of conidia was 3.38 ? 0.49 (SD) x 3 ? 0.36 (SD) ?m. Using species specific primers PEF/PER the texpected amplicons of ~404 bp were obtained in all nine tested isolates and PCR conducted with the Bt-LEVUp4/ Bt-LEV-Lo1 and universal ITS1/ITS4 primer pairs generated amplicons of the expected sizes of ~800 bp and ~600 bp, respectively. MegaBlast analyses of the 2X consensus of nucleotide sequences of the isolate JP1 partial ?-tubulin gene and ITS region showed 99-100% and 100% similarity with several P. expansum sequences of corresponding regions of this species deposited in GenBank. Based on morphological and molecular features, the isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit collected in several storage facilities in Serbia were identified as P. expansum.

scholarly journals Prevalence of mastitis in Nigerian livestock: a Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Hussaini Ojagefu Adamu ◽  
Rahimat Oshuwa Hussaini ◽  
Cedric Obasuyi ◽  
Linus Irefo Anagha ◽  
Gabriel Oscy Okoduwa
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ecological Development ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMastitis is a disease of livestock that directly impede livestock production and thus hindering the socio-ecological development of sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have estimated the prevalence of this disease in 30% of Africa countries, with Ethiopia having the highest prevalence. The coverage is low, despite the wide livestock and dairy farms distribution in Africa. Furthermore, estimated economic losses due to the impact of mastitis are lacking in Nigeria. The disease is endemic in Nigeria as indicated by the available data and there are no proposed management plans or control strategies. This review is thus presented to serve as a wakeup call to all parties involved to intensify efforts towards the diagnosis, control, and management of the disease in Nigeria.

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