scholarly journals Inhibition of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Different Vegetable Matrices by Extracts of Trichoderma Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Claudia Stracquadanio ◽  
Carlos Luz ◽  
Federico La Spada ◽  
Giuseppe Meca ◽  
Santa Olga Cacciola
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Post-harvest fungal diseases of plant products are a serious concern leading to economic losses and health risks. Moreover, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides to prevent these diseases is limited due to toxic residues. This study aimed at determining the effective dose of extracts of Trichoderma asperellum IMI393899 (TE1) and Trichoderma atroviride TS (TE2) in inhibiting the contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi on different plant matrices. Extracts were tested on tomatoes contaminated by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum, wheat contaminated by Penicillium verrucosum and maize contaminated by Aspergillus flavus. The efficacy of extracts was evaluated at two time intervals after treatment, 4 and 11 days for tomato, and 10 and 20 days for both wheat and maize. Both extracts showed a significant inhibitory activity on mycotoxigenic pathogens and significantly reduced Log CFU/g compared to the control. Moreover, the extracts reduced mycotoxin production in a dose dependent manner and with a long-lasting effect. The ochratoxin A was reduced by both extracts but only the extract TE2 was effective in reducing aflatoxins, whereas TE1 treatment increased their synthesis.

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of Germacrone against Pseudorabies Virus in Vitro

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanting He ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhai ◽  
Jingyin Su ◽  
Rui Ye ◽  
Yuna Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Novel Variant ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Dose Dependent

Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Herpesviridae, is the causative agent of an acute infectious disease in a variety of animals. The emergence of a novel variant strain brought huge economic losses to the pig industry since classical vaccine strains were not completely effective against variant strains. Therefore, the development of new anti-pseudorabies virus drugs and vaccines is of great significance for the treatment and prevention of pseudorabies. In this study, we found that germacrone, one of the major components of the essential oils extracted from Rhizoma Curcuma, was able to effectively inhibit PRV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Germacrone showed antiviral activity against PRV in the early phase of the viral replication cycle. Moreover, we found that germacrone does not directly kill the virus, nor does it affect the expression of the PRV receptor protein nectin-1, nectin-2, and CD155. Our results suggest germacrone could be used as an efficient microbicide or immunomodulatory agent in the control of the emerging variant PRV.

Inhibitory Activity Of Heparin And Of A Heparin Side Fraction (Org.10172) On The Activation Of Thrombin In Human Plasma

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jonker ◽  
F van Houdenhoven ◽  
G van Dedem
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Standard Stimulus ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Amidolytic Activity ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Free Plasma ◽  
Plasma Heparin

The dynamics of thrombin generation and -inactivation in human plasma was studied in the absence and presence of heparin and of Org 10172, with the purpose of defining (a) mechanism(s) whereby anticoagulant action is accomplished.Plasma was activated with a standard stimulus of either thromboplastin and Ca++ or by kaolin-cephalin and Ca++ ; subsamples were taken at regular time intervals and assayed for amidolytic-(S 2238) and antithrombin-3 (AT3) activities. Similar experiments were done in the presence of heparin and of Org 10172.With heparin, 2 domains could be distinguished: a) a domain (at heparin concentrations below 1 U/ml) where heparin accelerates the inactivation of thrombin and b) a domain (at heparin concentrations above 1 U/ml) where no measurable free thrombin is generated and no measurable drop in AT3 levels could be detected.With Org 10172 the most pronounced effect was a dose- dependent delay in the onset of free thrombin generation and a weakly dose-dependent reduction in the free thrombin peak levels.In AT3-free plasma, thrombin generation after a standard stimulus was very rapid and the final constant level of am- idolytic activity was higher than in normal plasma. Heparin concentrations of 2 - 4 U/ml changed this pattern to a gradual increase of amidolytic activity to its final level.Org 10172 showed the same pattern as heparin and also delayed the onset of free thrombin generation in a dose- dependent manner.It is concluded that a) the anticoagulant effect of heparin in plasma, activated by a standard stimulus is due to at least 2 mechanisms, one of which is probably independent of AT3, and b) Org 10172 exerts its effect independently of AT3, possibly by inhibiting one of the positive feedback loops in the coagulation sequence.

scholarly journals The Antiviral Molecule 5-Pyridoxolactone Identified Post BmNPV Infection of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7423
Author(s):  
Xiaoting Hua ◽  
Quan Zhang ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Xiaogang Wang ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Heat Map ◽  
Cytosolic Extract ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Map Analysis ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Infection Stage

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a pathogen that causes great economic losses in sericulture. Many genes play a role in viral infection of silkworms, but silkworm metabolism in response to BmNPV infection is unknown. We studied BmE cells infected with BmNPV. We performed liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the cytosolic extract and identified 36, 76, 138, 101, 189, and 166 different molecules at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post BmNPV infection (hpi) compared with 0 hpi. Compounds representing different areas of metabolism were increased in cells post BmNPV infection. These areas included purine metabolism, aminoacyl−tRNA biosynthesis, and ABC transporters. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC), 2-hydroxyadenine (2-OH-Ade), gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glu-Cys), hydroxytolbutamide, and 5-pyridoxolactone glycerophosphocholine were continuously upregulated in BmE cells post BmNPV infection by heat map analysis. Only 5-pyridoxolactone was found to strongly inhibit the proliferation of BmNPV when it was used to treat BmE cells. Fewer infected cells were detected and the level of BmNPV DNA decreased with increasing 5-pyridoxolactone in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of BmNPV genes ie1, helicase, GP64, and VP39 in BmE cells treated with 5-pyridoxolactone were strongly inhibited in the BmNPV infection stage. This suggested that 5-pyridoxolactone may suppress the entry of BmNPV. The data in this study characterize the metabolism changes in BmNPV-infected cells. Further analysis of 5-pyridoxolactone, which is a robust antiviral molecule, may increase our understanding of antiviral immunity.

Cultured juxtaglomerular cells: production and localization of renin

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1409-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lacasse ◽  
C. Kreft ◽  
J. Gutkowska ◽  
J. Genest ◽  
M. Cantin
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Renin Release ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
In Vitro System ◽  
Dose Dependent

Trypsin- or collagenase-dispersed renal cortical cells from newborn mice were filtered and cultured. The cultures comprised 25% juxtaglomerular cells as identified by immunocytochemistry. Renin was measured by radioimmunoassay in the culture medium and in the cells at various time intervals. This in vitro system was responsive to isoproterenol, which stimulated renin release in a dose-dependent manner.

Effects of Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Unfragmented Heparin on Induction of Osteoporosis in Rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (03) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mätzsch ◽  
David Bergqvist ◽  
Ulla Hedner ◽  
Bo Nilsson ◽  
Per Østergaar
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bone Mineral Mass ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Mineral Mass

SummaryA comparison between the effect of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and unfragmented heparin (UH) on induction of osteoporosis was made in 60 rats treated with either UH (2 IU/ g b w), LMWH in 2 doses (2 Xal U/g or 0.4 Xal U/g) or placebo (saline) for 34 days. Studied variables were: bone mineral mass in femora; fragility of humera; zinc and calcium levels in serum and bone ash and albumin in plasma. A significant reduction in bone mineral mass was found in all heparin-treated rats. There was no difference between UH and LMWH in this respect. The effect was dose-dependent in LMWH-treated animals. The zinc contents in bone ash were decreased in all heparin-treated rats as compared with controls. No recognizable pattern was seen in alterations of zinc or calcium in serum. The fragility of the humera, tested as breaking strength did not differ between treatment groups and controls. In conclusion, if dosed according to similar factor Xa inhibitory activities, LMWH induces osteoporosis to the same extent as UH and in a dose-dependent manner. The zinc content in bone ash was decreased after heparin treatment, irrespective of type of heparin given.

Effects of NO-Donors on Thrombus Formation and Microcirculation in Cerebral Vessels of the Rat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuto Sasaki ◽  
Junji Seki ◽  
John C Giddings ◽  
Junichiro Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Velocity ◽  
Red Cell Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Dose Dependent

SummarySodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), are known to liberate nitric oxide (NO). In this study the effects of SNP and SIN-1 on thrombus formation in rat cerebral arterioles and venules in vivo were assessed using a helium-neon (He-Ne) laser. SNP infused at doses from 10 Μg/kg/h significantly inhibited thrombus formation in a dose dependent manner. This inhibition of thrombus formation was suppressed by methylene blue. SIN-1 at a dose of 100 Μg/kg/h also demonstrated a significant antithrombotic effect. Moreover, treatment with SNP increased vessel diameter in a dose dependent manner and enhanced the mean red cell velocity measured with a fiber-optic laser-Doppler anemometer microscope (FLDAM). Blood flow, calculated from the mean red cell velocity and vessel diameters was increased significantly during infusion. In contrast, mean wall shear rates in the arterioles and venules were not changed by SNP infusion. The results indicated that SNP and SIN-1 possessed potent antithrombotic activities, whilst SNP increased cerebral blood flow without changing wall shear rate. The findings suggest that the NO released by SNP and SIN-1 may be beneficial for the treatment and protection of cerebral infarction

Melatonin actions in the heart; more than a hormone

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío Acuña-Castroviejo ◽  
Maria T Noguiera-Navarro ◽  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
Germaine Escames
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Myocardial Cell ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Extrapineal Melatonin ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Different Doses

Due to the broad distribution of extrapineal melatonin in multiple organs and tissues, we analyzed the presence and subcellular distribution of the indoleamine in the heart of rats. Groups of sham-operated and pinealectomized rats were sacrificed at different times along the day, and the melatonin content in myocardial cell membranes, cytosol, nuclei and mitochondria, were measured. Other groups of control animals were treated with different doses of melatonin to monitor its intracellular distribution. The results show that melatonin levels in the cell membrane, cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria vary along the day, without showing a circadian rhythm. Pinealectomized animals trend to show higher values than sham-operated rats. Exogenous administration of melatonin yields its accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in all subcellular compartments analyzed, with maximal concentrations found in cell membranes at doses of 200 mg/kg bw melatonin. Interestingly, at dose of 40 mg/kg b.w, maximal concentration of melatonin was reached in the nucleus and mitochondrion. The results confirm previous data in other rat tissues including liver and brain, and support that melatonin is not uniformly distributed in the cell, whereas high doses of melatonin may be required for therapeutic purposes.

Evaluating the Proposed Mechanism by Which Atorvastatin Can Protect Renal Tissue against Contrast Media: An Animal study

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-84
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Media ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Media Group

Contrast- induced nephropathy (CIN) is an elevation of serum creatinine of ≥ 0.5 mg/dL from baseline after two to three days of exposure to contrast substance if there is no other cause for acute kidney injury. Atorvastatin may protect normal kidney physiology from contrast- induced kidney injury by effects unrelated to hypolipidemia termed pleiotropic effect by decline of endothelin production, angiotensin system down regulation, and under expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. This study was conducted to assess the strategy by which atorvastatin can achieve protective effect for kidneys after exposure to contrast media in an animal model. A 40 male rats were distributed randomly into 4 groups; ten rats for each: group (1): given normal saline; group (2): CIN group given iopromide as contrast media; group (3): given atorvastatin (20mg/kg) and iopromide; and group (4): given atorvastatin (40mg/kg) and iopromide. Blood collected by cardiac puncture for detection of serum glutathione, malondialdehyde, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and interleukin-18. The results have shown a significant increase in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in contrast media group, and significant reduction in these markers in atorvastatin treated groups, in a dose-dependent manner. As conclusion, atorvastatin mechanism for protection against CIN in a dose-dependent manner can mediate by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Oxygenation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone as the final reaction for aldosterone biosynthesis

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itaru Kojima ◽  
Etsuro Ogata ◽  
Hiroshi Inano ◽  
Bun-ichi Tamaoki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Mitochondrial Preparation ◽  
Final Reaction ◽  
Vitro Production ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Abstract. Incubation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone with the sonicated mitochondrial preparation of bovine adrenal glomerulosa tissue leads to the production of aldosterone, as measured by radioimmunoassay. The in vitro production of aldosterone from 18-hydroxycorticosterone requires both molecular oxygen and NADPH, and is inhibited by carbon monoxide. Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors such as metyrapone, SU 8000. SU 10603, SKF 525A, amphenone B and spironolactone decrease the biosynthesis of aldosterone from 18-hydroxycorticosterone. These results support the conclusion that the final reaction in aldosterone synthesis from 18-hydroxycorticosterone is catalyzed by an oxygenase, but not by 18-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. By the same preparation, the production of [3H]aldosterone but not [3H]18-hydroxycorticosterone from [1,2-3H ]corticosterone is decreased in a dose-dependent manner by addition of non-radioactive 18-hydroxycorticosterone.

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