scholarly journals Diversity of Geophilic Dermatophytes Species in the Soils of Iran; The Significant Preponderance of Nannizzia fulva

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Simin Taghipour ◽  
Mahdi Abastabar ◽  
Fahimeh Piri ◽  
Elham Aboualigalehdari ◽  
Mohammad Reza Jabbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Primary Identification ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Geophilic Dermatophytes

A molecular epidemiology study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 by a network of collaborators from 12 provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran. A total of 1484 soil samples from different habitats were screened for the presence of dermatophytes by using the hair baiting technique. The primary identification of isolates was carried out by amplification and MvaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the internal transcribed spacers regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA). The identifications, especially in the cases of isolates with unknown RFLP patterns, were confirmed by sequencing of the ITS-rDNA region. As a result, 256 isolates were recovered. The isolation rate was higher in soils with pH range 7.1–8.0, collected from animal habitats (n = 78; 34%) and parks and gardens (n = 75; 32%), geographically from Mazandaran Province (n = 115; 49.5%) and seasonally in the spring (n = 129; 50.4%), all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The dermatophytes comprising five species of the two genera, viz., Nannizzia fulva (n = 214), N. gypsea (n = 34), Arthroderma quadrifidum (n = 5), A. gertleri (n = 2) and A. tuberculatum (n = 1), were isolated. The geophilic dermatophytes occurred in various soils from different parts of Iran; however, surprisingly, N. fulva emerged as the dominant species, outnumbering the common geophilic species of N. gypsea. For the definitive identification of soil inhabitant dermatophytes, DNA-based identification is strongly recommended.

19. The doctrine of frustration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Macdonald ◽  
Ruth Atkins ◽  
Jens Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

This chapter investigates the scope of the doctrine of frustration which was developed to deal with cases where events occur after a contract is made which render the agreement illegal, or impossible to perform, or which fundamentally change the nature of the obligations undertaken by the parties. The doctrine operates within strict limits and its use is restricted in cases where, although the commercial purpose of the contract has been drastically affected by unforeseen events, the performance of the contract is still possible. The position under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 and under the common law, including for example, the recent cases of Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association (Bermuda) Ltd and Olympic Airlines SA (in Special Liquidation) v ACG Acquisition XX LLC, are examined, collectively demonstrating how the doctrine currently operates.

Characterization of Trichuris trichiura from humans and T. suis from pigs in China using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Liu ◽  
W. Zhou ◽  
A.J. Nisbet ◽  
M.J. Xu ◽  
D.H. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Trichuris Trichiura ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rdna Sequences

AbstractTrichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis parasitize (at the adult stage) the caeca of humans and pigs, respectively, causing trichuriasis. Despite these parasites being of human and animal health significance, causing considerable socio-economic losses globally, little is known of the molecular characteristics of T. trichiura and T. suis from China. In the present study, the entire first and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1 and ITS-2) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of T. trichiura and T. suis from China were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the representative amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and sequence variation in the ITS rDNA was examined. The ITS rDNA sequences for the T. trichiura and T. suis samples were 1222–1267 bp and 1339–1353 bp in length, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 rDNAs of both whipworms were 600–627 bp and 655–661 bp, 154 bp, and 468–486 bp and 530–538 bp in size, respectively. Sequence variation in ITS rDNA within and among T. trichiura and T. suis was examined. Excluding nucleotide variations in the simple sequence repeats, the intra-species sequence variation in the ITS-1 was 0.2–1.7% within T. trichiura, and 0–1.5% within T. suis. For ITS-2 rDNA, the intra-species sequence variation was 0–1.3% within T. trichiura and 0.2–1.7% within T. suis. The inter-species sequence differences between the two whipworms were 60.7–65.3% for ITS-1 and 59.3–61.5% for ITS-2. These results demonstrated that the ITS rDNA sequences provide additional genetic markers for the characterization and differentiation of the two whipworms. These data should be useful for studying the epidemiology and population genetics of T. trichiura and T. suis, as well as for the diagnosis of trichuriasis in humans and pigs.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity among Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridial Strains

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Hill ◽  
T. J. Smith ◽  
C. H. Helma ◽  
L. O. Ticknor ◽  
B. T. Foley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxins ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for many diverse anaerobic spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria that have the common property of producing botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). The BoNTs are exoneurotoxins that can cause severe paralysis and death in humans and other animal species. A collection of 174 C. botulinum strains was examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BoNT genes to examine the genetic diversity within this species. This collection contained representatives of each of the seven different serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT/A to BoNT/G). Analysis of the16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed previous identifications of at least four distinct genomic backgrounds (groups I to IV), each of which has independently acquired one or more BoNT genes through horizontal gene transfer. AFLP analysis provided higher resolution and could be used to further subdivide the four groups into subgroups. Sequencing of the BoNT genes from multiple strains of serotypes A, B, and E confirmed significant sequence variation within each serotype. Four distinct lineages within each of the BoNT A and B serotypes and five distinct lineages of serotype E strains were identified. The nucleotide sequences of the seven toxin genes of the serotypes were compared and showed various degrees of interrelatedness and recombination, as was previously noted for the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin gene, which is linked to the BoNT gene. These analyses contribute to the understanding of the evolution and phylogeny within this species and assist in the development of improved diagnostics and therapeutics for the treatment of botulism.

scholarly journals Use of Multiplex PCR and PCR Restriction Enzyme Analysis for Detection and Exploration of the Variability in the Free-Living Amoeba Naegleria in the Environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 2061-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Pélandakis ◽  
Pierre Pernin
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Restriction Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Free Living Amoeba ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

ABSTRACT A multiplex PCR was developed to simultaneously detect Naegleria fowleri and other Naegleria species in the environment. Multiplex PCR was also capable of identifying N. fowleri isolates with internal transcribed spacers of different sizes. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR product distinguished the main thermophilic Naegleria species from the sampling sites.

scholarly journals Molecular identification of Candidatus Phytoplasma spp. associated with Sophora yellow stunt in Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Touhid Allahverdi ◽  
Heshmatollah Rahimian ◽  
Mina Rastgou
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sophora Alopecuroides ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Tehran Province ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
West Azerbaijan

Abstract In the spring of 2012, sophora (Sophora alopecuroides L.) plants showing symptoms of leaf yellowing, little leaves and stunting were observed in Firooz-kuh (Tehran province), Sari (Mazandaran province) and Urmia (West Azerbaijan province) in Iran. Symptomatic plants from the three locations were subjected to nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify 16SrRNA using primer pair P1/P7 followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2. The amplicons were purified, sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were analyzed by virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The phytoplasmas associated with the yellows disease were identified as members of the 16SrIX group (Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium) and the 16SrXII group (Candidatus Phytoplasma solani). The two phytoplasmas were placed in 16SrIX-C and 16SrXII-A subgroups, respectively, in constructed phylogenetic trees. This is the first report on sophora yellows associated with Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium.

scholarly journals Designing a System Model of Accountability in Tax System of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Case Study of Mazandaran Province Tax Affairs Directorates)

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (43) ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
محمدرضا صبح خیز ◽  
علی مهدی زاده اشرفی ◽  
تورج مجیبی ◽  
محمود اوتادی
Keyword(s):  
System Model ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

Molecular evidence of a putative new Atractolytocestus Anthony, 1958 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) species parasitic on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the People's Republic of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.P. Fu ◽  
W.X. Li ◽  
Y.Y. Cheng ◽  
H. Zou ◽  
S.G. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Central China ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
The Common

Abstract Three tapeworm species belonging to the genus Atractolytocestus Anthony, 1958 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) were reported from the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 in the People's Republic of China so far: Atractolytocestus sagittatus; Atractolytocestus tenuicollis; and Atractolytocestus huronensis. In this study, we identified a putatively new tapeworm species in common carp from the Danjiangkou Reservoir in Central China (Hubei Province). The species is morphologically similar to A. sagittatus, but it differed conspicuously in sequences of three molecular markers. Ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 2 sequence identity of the new species was 94.7–95.5%, 91.8–92.7% and 80.0–83.9% with A. huronensis, A. tenuicollis and A. sagittatus, respectively. cytochrome c oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 sequence identity with these three species was lower than 92%. We conclude that this is a new tapeworm species, and we named it after the locality: Atractolytocestus danjiangkouensis n. sp.

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