scholarly journals In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Nematocidal and Growth Promoting Activities of Trichoderma hamatum FB10 and Its Secondary Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Alaa Baazeem ◽  
Abdulaziz Almanea ◽  
Palanisamy Manikandan ◽  
Mohammed Alorabi ◽  
Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Free Extract ◽  
Trichoderma Hamatum ◽  
Growth Promoting

Microbial natural biocides have attracted much more attention in recent years in order to avoid the unrestricted use of chemical biocides in the environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the antibacterial and antifungal activities of secondary metabolites and growth promoting, nematicidal, and soil enzyme activity mediated by Trichoderma hamatum FB10. The bactericidal and fungicidal activities were performed using cell-free extract. Results revealed that the selected strain exert antibacterial activity against Acidovorax avenae, Erutimacarafavora, and Xanthomonas campestris. The selected fungal strain FB10 showed antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens such as, S. sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria radicina, Alternaria citri, and Alternaria dauci. Among the bacterial pathogens, A. avenae showed least MIC (30 ± 2.5 µg/mL) and MBC (70 ± 1.25 µg/mL) values. T. hamatum FB10 strain synthesized bioactive volatile secondary metabolite, which effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi and indicated the presence of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone as the major compound (67.05%). The secondary metabolite synthesized by T. hamatum FB10 showed nematicidal activity against M. incognita eggs. Egg hatch inhibition was 78 ± 2.6% and juvenile stage mortality rate was 89 ± 2.5% when the strain FB10 was treated with nematode. The cell free extract of T. hamatum FB10 showed protease, amylase, cellulase, chitinase, glucanase activities. T. hamatum FB10 inoculated with green gram increased 11% plant height, compared to the control. The fresh weight of the experimental group inoculated with T. hamatum FB10 increased 33.6% more compared to the control group. The green gram seedlings inoculated with T. hamatum FB10 increased 18% more dry weight than control group. Soil enzymes such as, urease, phosphatase, catalase and saccharase were improved in the soil inoculated with T. hamatum FB10. These biochemical components play potent role in soil fertility, energy conversion, and in soil organic matter conversion.

scholarly journals “Two-Cell Assemblage” Assay: A Simple in vitro Method for Screening Hair Growth-Promoting Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunhyae Jang ◽  
Jungyoon Ohn ◽  
Bo Mi Kang ◽  
Minji Park ◽  
Kyu Han Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Axis Length

Alopecia arises due to inadequate hair follicle (HF) stem cell activation or proliferation, resulting in prolongation of the telogen phase of the hair cycle. Increasing therapeutic and cosmetic demand for alleviating alopecia has driven research toward the discovery or synthesis of novel compounds that can promote hair growth by inducing HF stem cell activation or proliferation and initiating the anagen phase. Although several methods for evaluating the hair growth-promoting effects of candidate compounds are being used, most of these methods are difficult to use for large scale simultaneous screening of various compounds. Herein, we introduce a simple and reliable in vitro assay for the simultaneous screening of the hair growth-promoting effects of candidate compounds on a large scale. In this study, we first established a 3D co-culture system of human dermal papilla (hDP) cells and human outer root sheath (hORS) cells in an ultra-low attachment 96-well plate, where the two cell types constituted a polar elongated structure, named “two-cell assemblage (TCA).” We observed that the long axis length of the TCA gradually increased for 5 days, maintaining biological functional integrity as reflected by the increased expression levels of hair growth-associated genes after treatment with hair growth-promoting molecules. Interestingly, the elongation of the TCA was more prominent following treatment with the hair growth-promoting molecules (which occurred in a dose-dependent manner), compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Accordingly, we set the long axis length of the TCA as an endpoint of this assay, using a micro confocal high-content imaging system to measure the length, which can provide reproducible and reliable results in an adequate timescale. The advantages of this assay are: (i) it is physiologically and practically advantageous as it uses 3D cultured two-type human cells which are easily available; (ii) it is simple as it uses length as the only endpoint; and (iii) it is a high throughput system, which screens various compounds simultaneously. In conclusion, the “TCA” assay could serve as an easy and reliable method to validate the hair growth-promoting effect of a large volume of library molecules.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicides against Soil Borne and Grapevine Pathogens under In vitro Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-531
Author(s):  
Anjali Singh ◽  
◽  
Ratna U. Thosar ◽  
Vijayshree Chavan ◽  
Sujoy Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Grape Vine ◽  
Rhizoctonia Bataticola ◽  
Wide Range

In vitro bio-efficacy of the novel copper (NC101 and NCP102) and phosphonate (PN103 and PMN104) based fungicides against various soil borne and grape vine pathogens was evaluated at ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India during February - April 2021. The fungicides were screened against five bacterial pathogens viz. Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. punicae, X. campestris pv. viticola and X. oryzae pv. oryzae and 10 fungal pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia bataticola, Sclerotium rolfsii, Cladosporium sp, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Penicillium notatum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium oxysporium, Macrophomina phaseolina (Soyabean isolate) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Jute isolate) at different concentrations. Results indicated that among all the tested fungicides viz. NC101, NCP102, PN103 and PMN104, phosphonate based fungicides (PN103 and PMN104) were highly effective against bacterial isolates with zone of inhibition ranging between 8.75 - 31.12 mm in which X. campestris pv. viticola was found to express least inhibition zone. In case of pathogenic fungal isolates, similar trend was observed, most of the isolates showed cent percent inhibition at higher concentration of PN103 and PMN104. However Sclerotium rolfsii showed least or no inhibition when tested at different concentrations of fungicides. The chemicals exhibited wide range of inhibition and it was found to increase steadily with increase in concentrations of the test fungicides.

scholarly journals Anti-fungal secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes from rhizospheric bacteria in crop protection: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Farhana Tasnim Chowdhury ◽  
Nazia Rifat Zaman ◽  
Mohammad Riazul Islam ◽  
Haseena Khan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) residing in soil rhizosphere provide enormous beneficial effects to a plant host producing diverse secondary metabolites and enzymes useful for plant growth and protection. Siderophores, antibiotics, volatile compounds and hydrolytic enzymes are the major molecules secreted by the PGPRs, which have substantial antifungal properties and can provide plant protection. These compounds are responsible for the lysis and hyperparasitism of antagonists against deleterious fungal pathogens. Siderophore-producing PGPRs function by depriving the pathogen of iron nutrition. Antibiotics have been reported to be involved in the suppression of different fungal pathogens by inducing fungistasis, inhibition of spore germination, lysis of fungal mycelia. The PGPRs also secrete a wide range of low molecular weight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that inhibit mycelial growth, sporulation, germination of phytophathogenic fungi, etc. Hydrolytic enzymes, mostly chitinase, protease and cellulose, lyse the cell wall of fungi. Therefore, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can be considered as an effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable replacement to the chemical fungicides. There are many PGPRs that perform very well in controlled conditions but not in field conditions, and hence the commercializing of hese products is not easy.  Development of formulations with increased shelf life, a broad spectrum of action and consistent performance under field conditions can pave the way for commercializing the PGPRs at a faster rate. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 2, 69-84, 2020

scholarly journals Sekonder Bitki Metabolitlerinin In Vitro Koşullarda Üretimi

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Tuncay Çalışkan ◽  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽  
Saliha Kırıcı
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Production ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Metabolite Production

Plant secondary metabolites are a group of organic compounds produced by plants to interact with biotic and abiotic factors and for the establishment of defence mechanism. Secondary metabolites are classified based on their biosynthetic origin and chemical structure. They have been used as pharmaceutical, agrochemical, flavours, fragrances, colours and food additives. Secondary metabolites are traditionally produced from the native grown or field grown plants. However, this conventional approach has some disadvantages such as low yield, instability of secondary metabolite contents of the plants due to geographical, seasonal and environmental variations, need for land and heavy labour to grow plants. Therefore, plant cell and organ cultures have emerged as an alternative to plant growing under field conditions for secondary metabolite production. In this literature review, present state of secondary metabolite production through plant cell and organ cultures, its problems as well as solutions of the problems were discussed.

scholarly journals Insightful Valorization of the Biological Activities of Pani Heloch Leaves through Experimental and Computer-Aided Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5153
Author(s):  
Naureen Banu ◽  
Najmul Alam ◽  
Mohammad Nazmul Islam ◽  
Sanjida Islam ◽  
Shahenur Alam Sakib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Pani heloch (Antidesma montanum) is traditionally used to treat innumerable diseases and is a source of wild vegetables for the management of different pathological conditions. The present study explored the qualitative phytochemicals; quantitative phenol and flavonoid contents; in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects; and in vivo antipyretic and analgesic properties of the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves in different experimental models. The extract exhibited secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins. Besides, Pani heloch showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 99.00 µg/mL), while a moderate percentage of clot lysis (31.56%) in human blood and significant anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.001) was achieved with the standard. Moreover, the analgesic and antipyretic properties appeared to trigger a significant response (p < 0.001) relative to in the control group. Besides, an in silico study of carpusin revealed favorable protein-binding affinities. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis and toxicological properties of all isolated compounds adopted Lipinski’s rule of five for drug-like potential and level of toxicity. Our research unveiled that the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves exhibited secondary metabolites that are a good source for managing inflammation, pyrexia, pain, and cellular toxicity. Computational approaches and further studies are required to identify the possible mechanism which responsible for the biological effects.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of an Original Amino-Isocyanonaphthalene (ICAN) Compound Family: Promising Broad Spectrum Antifungals

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 903
Author(s):  
Miklós Nagy ◽  
Gábor Szemán-Nagy ◽  
Alexandra Kiss ◽  
Zsolt László Nagy ◽  
László Tálas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Species Structure ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

Multiple drug resistant fungi pose a serious threat to human health, therefore the development of completely new antimycotics is of paramount importance. The in vitro antifungal activity of the original, 1-amino-5-isocyanonaphthalenes (ICANs) was evaluated against reference strains of clinically important Candida species. Structure-activity studies revealed that the naphthalene core and the isocyano- together with the amino moieties are all necessary to exert antifungal activity. 1,1-N-dimethylamino-5-isocyanonaphthalene (DIMICAN), the most promising candidate, was tested further in vitro against clinical isolates of Candida species, yielding a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.04–1.25 µg/mL. DIMICAN was found to be effective against intrinsically fluconazole resistant Candida krusei isolates, too. In vivo experiments were performed in a severly neutropenic murine model inoculated with a clinical strain of Candida albicans. Daily administration of 5 mg/kg DIMICAN intraperitoneally resulted in 80% survival even at day 13, whereas 100% of the control group died within six days. Based on these results, ICANs may become an effective clinical lead compound family against fungal pathogens.

In vitro organogenesis secondary metabolite production and heavy metal analysis in Swertia chirayita

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 686-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Shailesh Singh ◽  
Rajib Bandopadhyay ◽  
Madan Sharma ◽  
Sheela Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Production ◽  
Direct Organogenesis ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
Swertia Chirayita

AbstractAn efficient protocol of plant regeneration through direct and indirect organogenesis in Swertia chirayita was developed. Explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5 mg L−1) with combination of Kinetin (0.5 mg L−1) showed the highest frequency (84%) of callusing and 1.0mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) in combination with (100 mg L−1) Adenine sulphate (Ads) + (0.1 mg L−1) Indole acetic acid (IAA) was excellent for maximum adventitious shoot (12.69 ± 1.30) formation in four week of culture. A maximum number of (7.14 ± 0.99) shoots were developed per leaf explants through direct organogenesis. The highest frequency of rooting (11.46 ± 1.56) was observed on MS medium augmented with IAA (1.0 mg L−1). Well-rooted shoots transferred to plastic pots containing a soilrite: sand mix and then moved to the greenhouse for further growth and development. Four major secondary metabolites were analyzed and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Amount of secondary metabolites was found significantly higher, in in vitro plantlets compared to in vivo plantlets and callus raised from S. chirayita. Higher heavy metal accumulation in in vitro as compared to in vivo plantlets correlates higher secondary metabolite production supporting that they play regulatory role in influencing the plant secondary metabolism.

scholarly journals In vitro Antibacterial Potential of Halophilic Bacterial Secondary Metabolites from Salted Fish

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Prakash Williams ◽  
Anju Anand ◽  
Parvathy A. ◽  
Rakky C. Raj ◽  
Robert Raju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fish Samples

Living organisms can be found over a wide range of extreme conditions. Most of the organisms living in extreme environments (i.e, extremophiles) belong to the prokaryotes. Halophiles are interesting class of extremophilic organisms that have adapted to harsh, hypersaline conditions. They are able to compete successfully for water and resist the denaturing effects of salts. The present study was an investigation on the in vitro antibacterial effect of secondary metabolites from halophilic bacteria isolated from salted fish samples. The cured salted fish samples were collected and enumerated using halophilic Nutrient Agar supplemented with 4% NaCl. The isolated and purified bacterial cultures are numbered as SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4 and SF5 are further identified using VITEK 2 system as Bacillus vallismortis, Ralstonia mannitolytica, Bacillus subtilis, Rhizoboum radiobacter and Kocuria kristina. Growth kinetics of halobacterial isolates were determined by spectrophotometric assay. The antibiotic resistance pattern of tested pathogenic microorganisms using the commercial antibiotics was screened and almost all the tested microorganisms are resistant to Penicillin. The antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of halophilic bacteria against drug resistant microbes was assessed using the Agar well diffusion assay. Among the different extracts of the halophilic bacteria, the chloroform extracts of R. mannitolytica showed maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 and Xanthomonas campestris MTCC 2286. The results of antimicrobial activity are considerable because it enables the identification of potential secondary metabolites present in marine halophilic bacteria, which act as source of innumerable therapeutic agents. Further research is highly warranted to find out the active principle responsible for the antibacterial property and to elucidate the structure of particular compound.

scholarly journals In Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Secondary Metabolites against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Molecules ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 11131-11143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Velasco ◽  
Margarita Lema ◽  
Marta Francisco ◽  
Pilar Soengas ◽  
María Cartea
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

scholarly journals Differential regulation and production of secondary metabolites among isolates of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Amine Hassani ◽  
Ernest Oppong-Danquah ◽  
Alice Feurty ◽  
Deniz Tasdemir ◽  
Eva H Stukenbrock
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Production ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Host Colonization ◽  
Metabolite Production

The genome of the wheat pathogenic fungus, Zymoseptoria tritici, represents extensive presence-absence variation in gene content. Here, we addressed variation in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) content and biochemical profiles among three isolates. We analysed secondary metabolite properties based on genome, transcriptome and metabolome data. The isolates represent highly distinct genome architecture, but harbor similar repertoire of BGCs. Expression profiles for most BGCs show comparable patterns of regulation among the isolates, suggesting a conserved 'biochemical infection program'. For all three isolates, we observed a strong up-regulation of an abscisic acid (ABA) gene cluster during biotrophic host colonization, indicating that Z. tritici potentially interfere with host defenses by the biosynthesis of this phytohormone. Further, during in vitro growth the isolates show similar metabolomes congruent with the predicted BGC content. We assessed if secondary metabolite production is regulated by histone methylation using a mutant impaired in formation of facultative heterochromatin (H3K27me3). In contrast to other ascomycete fungi, chromatin modifications play a less prominent role in regulation of secondary metabolites. In summary, we show that Z. tritici has a conserved program of secondary metabolite production contrasting the immense variation in effector expression, some of these metabolites might play a key role during host colonization.

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