scholarly journals Effects of mrpigG on Development and Secondary Metabolism of Monascus ruber M7

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Fusheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Monascus Ruber ◽  
Monascus Pigments ◽  
The World ◽  
Carbon Side Chain ◽  
Yellow Pigments

Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used as food colorants for several centuries in Asian countries and are now used throughout the world via Asian catering. The MP biosynthetic pathway has been well-illustrated, but the functions of a few genes, including mrpigG, in the MP gene cluster are still unclear. In the current study, in order to investigate the function of mrpigG in M. ruber M7, gene deletion (ΔmrpigG), complementation (ΔmrpigG::mrpigG) and overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mrpigG) mutants were successfully obtained. The morphologies and biomasses, as well as the MP and citrinin production, of these mutants were analyzed. The results revealed that the disruption, complementation and overexpression of mrpigG showed no apparent defects in morphology, biomass or citrinin production (except MP production) in ΔmrpigG compared with M. ruber M7. Although the MP profiles of ΔmrpigG and M. ruber M7 were almost the same—with both having four yellow pigments, two orange pigments (OPs) and two red pigments (RPs)—their yields were decreased in ΔmrpigG to a certain extent. Particularly, the content of rubropunctatin (an OP) and its derivative rubropunctamine (an RP) in ΔmrpigG, both of which have a five-carbon side chain, accounted for 57.7%, and 22.3% of those in M. ruber M7. On the other hand, monascorubrin (an OP) and its derivative monascorubramine (an RP), both of which have a seven-carbon side chain, were increased by 1.15 and 2.55 times, respectively, in ΔmrpigG compared with M. ruber M7. These results suggest that the MrPigG protein may preferentially catalyze the biosynthesis of MPs with a five-carbon side chain.

scholarly journals Inactivation of mrpigH Gene in Monascus ruber M7 Results in Increased Monascus Pigments and Decreased Citrinin with mrpyrG Selection Marker

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Na Xu ◽  
Fusheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Selection Marker ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Gene Modification ◽  
Monascus Ruber ◽  
Modification System ◽  
Monascus Pigments ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
The World

Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used as food colorants for several centuries in Asian countries and are currently used around the world via Asian catering. The MPs biosynthetic pathway has been well-illustrated; however, the functions of a few genes including mrpigH in the MPs gene cluster of M. ruber M7 are still unclear. In the current study, mrpigH was disrupted in Δmrlig4ΔmrpyrG, a highly efficient gene modification system, using mrpyrG as a selection marker, and ΔmrpigHΔmrlig4ΔmrpyrG::mrpyrG and ΔmrpigHΔmrlig4ΔmrpyrG have been obtained. Subsequently, their morphologies, biomasses, MPs and citrinin (CIT) production were analyzed, respectively. These results have revealed that the deletion of mrpigH has significant effects on the morphology and growth of M. ruber M7. Moreover, compared with M. ruber M7, the yields of MPs and CIT were drastically increased and decreased in mrpigH mutants, respectively.

scholarly journals Inactivation of MrPigH in Monascus ruber M7 Results in its Monascus Pigments Increase and Citrinin Decrease with mrpyrG Selection Marker

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Na Xu ◽  
Fusheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Selection Marker ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Gene Modification ◽  
Monascus Ruber ◽  
Food Colorants ◽  
Modification System ◽  
Monascus Pigments ◽  
Efficient Gene

Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used as food colorants for several centuries in Asian countries and nowadays in the whole world via Asian catering. The MPs biosynthetic pathway has been well-illustrated, however, the functions of a few genes including mrpigH in the MPs gene cluster of M. ruber M7 are still unclear. In current study, mrpigH was disrupted in Δmrlig4ΔmrpyrG, a highly efficient gene modification system, using mrpyrG as a selection marker, and ΔmrpigHΔmrlig4ΔmrpyrG::mrpyrG and ΔmrpigHΔmrlig4ΔmrpyrG have been obtained. Subsequently, their morphologies, biomasses, MPs and citrinin (CIT) production were analyzed, respectively. These results have revealed that the deletion of mrpigH has significant effects on the morphology and growth of M. ruber M7. Moreover, compared with M. ruber M7, the yields of MPs and CIT were drastically increased and decreased in mrpigH mutants, respectively.

scholarly journals RMBI or RMBR? Is the Renminbi Destined to Become a Global or Regional Currency?

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Eichengreen ◽  
Domenico Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
Regional Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional Initiatives ◽  
The U.S

Previous studies have focused on when the renminbi will play a significant role as an international currency, but less attention has been paid to where. We fill this gap by contrasting two answers to the question. One is that the renminbi will assume the role of a global currency similar to the U.S. dollar. Supporters point to China's widely diversified trade and financial flows and to its institutional initiatives, not just in Asia but around the world. The other is that the renminbi will play a regional role in Asia equivalent to that of the euro in Greater Europe. Proponents of this view argue that China has a natural advantage in leveraging regional supply chains and deepening its links with other Asian countries as well as in developing regional institutions. Asia, they argue on these grounds, will become the natural habitat for the renminbi.

ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SELECTED EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES: A MACROECONOMIC VIEW OF THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE US AND EUROPE

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (05) ◽  
pp. 1550066
Author(s):  
EU CHYE TAN ◽  
CHOR FOON TANG
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The One

This paper aims to ascertain whether direct macroeconomic linkages exist between some East Asian (EA) countries on the one hand and the United States (US) and Europe on the other, based upon quarterly real gross domestic product (GDP) series spanning from the early 1990s. Long-run and short-run lead-lag relations are explored within a trivariate modeling framework. Contrary to popular belief, the empirical evidence suggests generally either very nominal or no direct links at all between these EA countries and the US in terms of GDP. Direct links with Europe are completely ruled out. All these would allude to a very limited susceptibility of these EA economies to shocks in the US and Europe, barring a global economic crisis of catastrophic proportions. The growing belief that if China sneezes, the world catches the flu is also not borne out by the empirical results.

Cytochrome P450 subfamily CYP710A genes encode sterol C-22 desaturase in plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1202-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morikawa ◽  
M. Mizutani ◽  
D. Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cellular Functions

Sterols are isoprenoid-derived lipids that are produced via the mevalonate pathway and are involved in various cellular functions in eukaryotes such as maintenance of membrane integrity and biosynthetic precursors of steroid hormones. Among cellular sterols, Δ22-sterols containing a double bond at C-22 in the sterol side chain specifically occur in fungi (ergosterol) and plants (stigmasterol and brassicasterol), and several lines of experimental evidence have suggested specific physiological roles of Δ22-sterols in plants. Fungal cytochrome P450 (P450), CYP61, has been established as the sterol C-22 desaturase functioning at the penultimate step in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. On the other hand, no particular sequence has been assigned as to the enzyme responsible for the introduction of the double bond into the sterol side chain in plants. In this review, we summarize our recent findings demonstrating that CYP710A P450 family genes encode the plant sterol C-22 desaturases to produce stigmasterol and brassicasterol/crinosterol from β-sitosterol and 24-epi-campesterol respectively.

scholarly journals Bridging Hmong/Miao, Extending Miaojiang: Divided Space, Translocal Contacts, and the Imagination of Hmongland

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Weidong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Southwest China ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

AbstractOver the past several decades, the Hmong communities scattered around the world and their co-ethnic Miao ethnic group in China came into close contact. This paper explores the nature and dynamics of this encounter as well as the connections and ties that have been rediscovered and reestablished between the Hmong in diaspora and the Miao in China, two groups long separated by time and distance, and the impact and implications this entails. Based on three-month fieldwork in the Hmong/Miao communities across Southwest China and Southeast Asia, this paper examines the ever increasing movement of people and materials, as well as symbolic flows on the one hand, and connections and linkages between different localities on the other hand. It discusses how this new fast-changing development contributes to a new translocal imagination of Hmong community, re-territorialization of a new continuous Hmong space, a Hmongland encompassing Southwest provinces of China and northern part of Southeast Asian countries, and what it means to the Hmong/Miao people in the region. It further discusses how the emerging translocal imagination of the Hmong/Miao community will produce unique translocal subjects and how it interacts with the nation-states they belong to.

scholarly journals Probleme der Kooperation zwischen asiatischen und angelsächsisch geprägten Ländern im asiatisch-pazifischen Wirtschaftsraum

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (90) ◽  
pp. 94-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heribert Dieter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Export Orientation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
High Degree

Economic Co-operation in the Pacific faces two major obstacles. Firstly, there is no Pacific commumity in an economic, political, cultural or linguistic sense. The region is fragmented. Even the countries participating in APEC show extremely different stages of development and therefore are of greatly differing relevance for the region as well as for the world economy. Secondly, the countries of the Pacific show two types of economic regimes: On thc one hand there are the economics of the successful Asian countries, characterised by a high degree of government intervention and succcssful export orientation. On the other hand the Anglo-Saxon countries of the Pacific, namely the US, Australia and New Zealand, show sluggish growth, declinlng competitiveness and decreasing relevance for the region as weil as for the world economy. These two problems will make Pacific economic co-operation extremely difficult and will have to be considered in any scheme for Pacific economic integration.

scholarly journals Genetic Modification of mfsT Gene Stimulating the Putative Penicillin Production in Monascus ruber M7 and Exhibiting the Sensitivity towards Precursor Amino Acids of Penicillin Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Ramzan ◽  
Safiullah Virk ◽  
Muhammad ◽  
Ahmed ◽  
Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Intermediate Compound ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Penicillin Production ◽  
Monascus Ruber ◽  
Traffic System ◽  
Transporter Protein

: The biosynthesis of penicillin G (PG) is compartmentalized, which forces penicillin and its intermediates to cross the membrane barriers. Although many aspects around the penicillin intermediates traffic system remain unclosed, the transmembrane transporter protein involvement has been only predicted. In the present work, detection of PG and isopenicillin N (IPN) in Monascus ruber M7 was performed and functions of mfst gene as a transporter were investigated by the combination of gene deletion (Δmfst) complementation (ΔmfsT::mfsT) and overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mfsT). While, the feeding of PG pathway precursor side chain and amino acids, i.e., phenylacetic acid, D-valine, and L-cysteine was performed for the interpretation of mfsT gene role as an intermediate transporter. The results showed that, the feeding of phenylacetic acid, D-valine, and L-cysteine possessed a significant effect on morphologies, secondary metabolites (SMs) production of all above-mentioned strains including M. ruber M7. The results of UPLC-MS/MS revealed that, ΔmfsT interrupt the penicillin G (PG) production in M. ruber M7 by blocking the IPN transportation, while PG and IPN produced by the ΔmfsT::mfsT have been recovered the similar levels to those of M. ruber M7. Conclusively, these findings suggest that the M. ruber M7 is, not only a PG producer, but also, indicate that the mfsT gene is supposed to play a key role in IPN intermediate compound transportation during the PG production in M. ruber M7.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document