The Impact of the Underwater Hull Anti-Fouling Silicone Coating on a Ferry’s Fuel Consumption

Adam Kowalski

doi:10.3390/jmse8020122

The Impact of the Underwater Hull Anti-Fouling Silicone Coating on a Ferry’s Fuel Consumption

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse8020122 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Adam Kowalski

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Shipping Company ◽

Software Packages ◽

Silicone Coating ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Office Software ◽

The Impact ◽

Operational Data ◽

Cost Components

There are well-known specifics of ro-pax ferry shipping, such as the time factor as a consequence of keeping a regular timetable and the priority given to minimizing heeling, pitching, and rolling caused by maximum focus on passenger comfort and ro-ro cargo safety. It is also extremely important to control the ferry’s fuel consumption, being one of the most important cost components. The aim of the article is to draw the attention of shipping company managers to the great potential that lies in the use of routine operational data, collected exclusively on board the ferries. It is worth noting that the research in this paper is based on standard office software packages rather than advanced statistical methods of data analysis, which are usually not accessible for shipping managers. Contrary to typical ocean-going vessels, there are a number of factors that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing ro-pax ferry fuel consumption. Moreover, these factors occur, in many cases, accidentally and, thus, they are difficult to observe on board the ferry without utilizing expensive and time-consuming methods. The possibility of fuel control is important not only for economic reasons but also due to air pollution caused by engine exhausts. The article presents an estimation of increased fuel consumption caused by the degradation of the hull silicone anti-fouling coating. The presented estimations of fuel consumption may be treated as the base for calculations of the economic effectiveness of ferries. The attempt to resolve the above-mentioned problem was made on the basis of research on a real ferry, which took place on the Świnoujście-Trelleborg line between 2007 and 2019.

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Assessment of the Method of Merging Landing Aircraft Streams in the Context of Fuel Consumption in the Airspace

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132212859 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 12859

Author(s):

Anna Kwasiborska ◽

Jacek Skorupski

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Traffic Safety ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Waiting Times ◽

Air Traffic ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Entry Points ◽

The Impact

The most important directions in the field of sustainable development of air transport concern increasing the capacity of airports and improving the global civil aviation system, improving air traffic safety, and developing procedures to optimize the operation of the aviation system. An important area is environmental protection and measures to minimize the negative impact of civil aviation activities on the environment. Air traffic and the operation of airports generate adverse environmental effects, including greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and noise emissions. Due to the high intensity of aircraft maneuvers, the authors analyzed aircraft traffic in the area approaching the airport. It is essential to correctly line up for aircraft reporting from different entry points to the approach area to avoid waiting for landing. Misalignment of landing aircraft negatively impacts airport capacity, increases fuel consumption through more prolonged waiting times in space, and directly impacts air pollution. There are different ways to organize landing aircraft flows and other ways to merge these flows. The article aims to assess the method of combining the streams of landing aircraft and estimate the impact of such an organization on the increased fuel consumption of aircraft and thus on air pollution. The authors proposed a measure for assessing the quality of the landing queue, which was defined as the increase in flight time of aircraft in the approach area in relation to the nominal time, which was adopted as minimization. In order to obtain the results of research works, a model using a Petri net was developed, allowing for flexible mapping of concurrent processes and their effect analysis. Various methods of combining the streams of landing aircraft have been adopted: three-stage, two-stage, and single-stage. Then, simulation experiments were carried out, allowing the determination of whether the method of combining the streams of landing planes has an impact on the quality of the landing queue measured with the proposed index. The obtained results of the assessment can be used to estimate the increased fuel consumption of the aircraft.

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The impact of the application of technological solutions in passenger transport on the environment

JTTTP - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE ◽

10.7251/jtttp1701042b ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

Jusuf Borić ◽

Fuad Klisura

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Retention Time ◽

Collection System ◽

Electronic Toll Collection ◽

Bus Stops ◽

Toll Collection ◽

Pollution Emissions ◽

The Impact ◽

Air Pollution Emissions

The main objective was to reduce the retention time at the bus stops, time for drivers’ administrative actions, fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2 and to increase the solvency of the company.For the realization of the set objectives it was needed: to introduce electronic billing system with the use of contactless - chip card as a monthly ticket, all vehicles will be equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card and receive training for direct partcipants. All vehicles are equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card. All the participants involved in the use of electronic ticketing systems are trained and equipped with the necessary means.The result of the introduction of electronic toll collection system is to reduce: the retention time at the bus stops and to ensure good performance of administrative driver. The importance of introducing electronic toll collection system is the reduction of fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2, faster handover and discharge of collected cards and increase the solvency of the company.

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Forty years of improvements in European air quality: regional policy-industry interactions with global impacts

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-16-3825-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 3825-3841 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Monica Crippa ◽

Greet Janssens-Maenhout ◽

Frank Dentener ◽

Diego Guizzardi ◽

Katerina Sindelarova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

European Union ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Air Quality ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Reduced Form ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The EDGARv4.3.1 (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) global anthropogenic emissions inventory of gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon) air pollutants for the period 1970–2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emissions scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in energy consumption and efficiency, technology progress and end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields at European and global scale. The reference EDGARv4.3.1 emissions include observed and reported changes in activity data, fuel consumption and air pollution abatement technologies over the past 4 decades, combined with Tier 1 and region-specific Tier 2 emission factors. Two further retrospective scenarios assess the interplay of policy and industry. The highest emission STAG_TECH scenario assesses the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe reduction measures in the European Union, by considering historical fuel consumption, along with a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors since 1970, and assuming no further abatement measures and improvement imposed by European emission standards. The lowest emission STAG_ENERGY scenario evaluates the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy consumption since the year 1970, but assuming the technological development, end-of-pipe reductions, fuel mix and energy efficiency of 2010. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject to multi-pollutant European Union Air Quality regulations. Stagnation of technology and air pollution reduction measures at 1970 levels would have led to 129 % (or factor 2.3) higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions in Europe (EU27), demonstrating the large role that technology has played in reducing emissions in 2010. However, stagnation of energy consumption at 1970 levels, but with 2010 fuel mix and energy efficiency, and assuming current (year 2010) technology and emission control standards, would have lowered today's NOx emissions by ca. 38 %, SO2 by 50 % and PM2.5 by 12 % in Europe. A reduced-form chemical transport model is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the associated impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of EU technologies and standards inside as well as outside Europe. We assess that the interplay of policy and technological advance in Europe had substantial benefits in Europe, but also led to an important improvement of particulate matter air quality in other parts of the world.

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Air pollution in the cities in Asian Russia: problems and prospects

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/885/1/012058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 885 (1) ◽

pp. 012058

Author(s):

V E Tsydypov ◽

B O Gomboev ◽

M A Motoshkina

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Air Pollution ◽

The State ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Atmospheric Air ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

The Government ◽

Maximum Allowable Concentrations ◽

The Impact

Abstract in this article, we look at the issue of air pollution in cities in the Asian part of Russia, which are the industrial centres of the regions. Air pollution is shaped by a number of factors, including natural ones. In recent years, studies have been carried out in Russia and in foreign countries to determine the impact of pollutants emitted into the atmospheric air. There is a direct correlation between the state of public health and the amount of pollutants in the atmospheric air. Exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations in the air of territories threatens the life and health of people living in them. We have looked at the level of air pollution in cities, including the most polluted ones, and the measures taken by the government and large companies to mitigate the negative effects.

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The State of Air Pollution as a Factor Determining the Assessment of a City’s Tourist Attractiveness—Based on the Opinions of Polish Respondents

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12041466 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1466 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aleksandra Łapko ◽

Aleksander Panasiuk ◽

Roma Strulak-Wójcikiewicz ◽

Marek Landowski

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Subjective Assessment ◽

The State ◽

City Tourism ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Travel Decisions ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

Cities are multifunctional by definition, and an increasingly significant function is the tourist function. City tourism is one of the most dynamically developing forms of tourism. Tourists’ decisions regarding choosing a destination are influenced by a number of factors determining the subjective assessment of the tourist attractiveness of a given city, and one of them may be the state of air pollution, as it can have a negative impact on the health of both city dwellers and tourists. This article is an attempt to determine whether potential tourists consider information about the level of a city’s air quality in the assessment of its tourist attractiveness and the impact of this information on their travel decisions. The article presents the results of surveys conducted among a group of 509 respondents from Poland. On this basis, an assessment was made of the extent to which information on the condition of air quality in a given city is relevant for persons planning a tourist trip. In the conducted research, decisions regarding both business and private trips were evaluated. In addition, information on factors that could increase the respondents’ interest in the condition of air quality in the city of the intended trip (e.g., trip with children, trip length) was collected. Due to the fact that tourism is a significant source of income for many cities, the research results presented in the article may be of significant importance for entities creating the urban tourist product and responsible for its management. The article also draws attention to the fact that reducing pollution in cities can contribute to increases in their tourist attractiveness.

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Forty years of improvements in European air quality: the role of EU policy–industry interplay

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-15-20245-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (14) ◽

pp. 20245-20285 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Crippa ◽

G. Janssens-Maenhout ◽

F. Dentener ◽

D. Guizzardi ◽

K. Sindelarova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Emission Control ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Reduced Form ◽

Current Technology ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

Abstract. The EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) v4.3 global anthropogenic emissions inventory of several gaseous (SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and NH3) and particulate (PM10, PM2.5, black and organic carbon (BC and OC)) air pollutants for the period 1970–2010 is used to develop retrospective air pollution emission scenarios to quantify the roles and contributions of changes in fuels consumption, technology, end-of-pipe emission reduction measures and their resulting impact on health and crop yields. This database presents changes in activity data, fuels and air pollution abatement technology for the past 4 decades, using international statistics and following guidelines for bottom-up emission inventory at the Tier 1 and Tier 2 levels with region-specific default values. With two further retrospective scenarios we assess (1) the impact of the technology and end-of-pipe (EOP) reduction measures in the European Union (EU) by considering a stagnation of technology with constant emission factors from 1970 and with no further abatement measures and improvement in European emissions standards, but fuel consumption occurring at historical pace, and (2) the impact of increased fuel consumption by considering unchanged energy use with constant fuel consumption since 1970, but technological development and end-of-pipe reductions. Our scenario analysis focuses on the three most important and most regulated sectors (power generation, the manufacturing industry and road transport), which are subject of multi-pollutant EU Air Quality regulations. If technology and European EOP reduction measures had stagnated at 1970 levels, EU air quality in 2010 would have suffered from 129 % higher SO2, 71 % higher NOx and 69 % higher PM2.5 emissions, demonstrating the large role of technology in reducing emissions in 2010. However, if fuel consumption had remained constant starting in 1970, the EU would have benefited from current technology and emission control standards, with reductions in NOx by even 13 % more. Such further savings are not observed for SO2 and PM2.5. If the EU consumed the same amount of fuels as in 1970 but with the current technology and emission control standards, then the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 would be 42 % respectively 10 % higher. This scenario shows the importance for air quality of abandoning heavy residual fuel oil and shifting fuel types (from, e.g., coal to gas) in the EU. A reduced-form TM5-FASST (Fast Screening Scenario Tool based on the global chemical Transport Model 5) is applied to calculate regional and global levels of aerosol and ozone concentrations and to assess the impact of air quality improvements on human health and crop yield loss, showing substantial impacts of export of EU technologies and standards to other world regions.

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Toxic Political Leadership and the Problems of Professionals in Free State Municipalities

Africanus Journal of Development Studies ◽

10.25159/0304-615x/3996 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

Author(s):

David Matheakuena Mohale

Keyword(s):

Good Governance ◽

Political Leadership ◽

Primary Source ◽

Free State ◽

Audit Report ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Auditor General ◽

Appointed Officials ◽

The Impact

The 2016–17 Audit Report by the Auditor General points to the deterioration in audit results of South African municipalities. This deterioration confirms the perennial dysfunctionality of municipalities, at least from the governance perspective. Corporate governance is a function of leadership. Municipal councils are, therefore, responsible for the overall performance of municipalities they lead. Sound regulatory framework, good plans, clear strategies, policies, and systems are inadequate if not supported by highly gifted and ethical leadership. The Auditor General’s Audit Report suggests that local government struggles the most in the area of ethics. The Principal-Agent Theory argues that appointed officials are more likely to subvert the interests of an organisation. However, this article argues that the primary source of problems in municipalities is a combination of ineptitude and unethical political leadership taking root. This conclusion is based on the empirical comparative cases of eight municipalities in the Free State Province. The conduct of councillors makes it difficult to attract and retain professionals in municipalities, resulting in notable deficiencies in the delivery of services. Essentially, councillors are the root cause for governance failure in municipalities arising from a number of factors. Findings in this study contribute towards the understanding of the impact of leadership in the failure of municipalities to meet good governance and developmental objectives. Further, they deepen the theoretical understanding of the political-administrative interface.

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