scholarly journals Optical to Planar X-ray Mouse Image Mapping in Preclinical Nuclear Medicine Using Conditional Adversarial Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Fysikopoulos ◽  
Maritina Rouchota ◽  
Vasilis Eleftheriadis ◽  
Christina-Anna Gatsiou ◽  
Irinaios Pilatis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photographic Images

In the current work, a pix2pix conditional generative adversarial network has been evaluated as a potential solution for generating adequately accurate synthesized morphological X-ray images by translating standard photographic images of mice. Such an approach will benefit 2D functional molecular imaging techniques, such as planar radioisotope and/or fluorescence/bioluminescence imaging, by providing high-resolution information for anatomical mapping, but not for diagnosis, using conventional photographic sensors. Planar functional imaging offers an efficient alternative to biodistribution ex vivo studies and/or 3D high-end molecular imaging systems since it can be effectively used to track new tracers and study the accumulation from zero point in time post-injection. The superimposition of functional information with an artificially produced X-ray image may enhance overall image information in such systems without added complexity and cost. The network has been trained in 700 input (photography)/ground truth (X-ray) paired mouse images and evaluated using a test dataset composed of 80 photographic images and 80 ground truth X-ray images. Performance metrics such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM) and Fréchet inception distance (FID) were used to quantitatively evaluate the proposed approach in the acquired dataset.

scholarly journals EANM recommendations based on systematic analysis of small animal radionuclide imaging in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik H. J. G. Aarntzen ◽  
Edel Noriega-Álvarez ◽  
Vera Artiko ◽  
André H. Dias ◽  
Olivier Gheysens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Radionuclide Imaging ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Complementary Value

AbstractInflammatory musculoskeletal diseases represent a group of chronic and disabling conditions that evolve from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors that cause perturbations in innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases is, to a large extent, derived from preclinical and basic research experiments. In vivo molecular imaging enables us to study molecular targets and to measure biochemical processes non-invasively and longitudinally, providing information on disease processes and potential therapeutic strategies, e.g. efficacy of novel therapeutic interventions, which is of complementary value next to ex vivo (post mortem) histopathological analysis and molecular assays. Remarkably, the large body of preclinical imaging studies in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease is in contrast with the limited reports on molecular imaging in clinical practice and clinical guidelines. Therefore, in this EANM-endorsed position paper, we performed a systematic review of the preclinical studies in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases that involve radionuclide imaging, with a detailed description of the animal models used. From these reflections, we provide recommendations on what future studies in this field should encompass to facilitate a greater impact of radionuclide imaging techniques on the translation to clinical settings.

scholarly journals Biomolecular imaging of colorectal tumor lesions using a FITC-labeled scFv-Cκ fragment antibody

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Il Kim ◽  
Jinhyeon Kim ◽  
Hyori Kim ◽  
Hyeri Lee ◽  
Yong Sik Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Antibody Fragment ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Human Colon Cancer

AbstractFor the sensitive diagnosis of colorectal cancer lesions, advanced molecular imaging techniques using cancer-specific targets have emerged. However, issues regarding the clearance of unbound probes and immunogenicity remain unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we developed a small-sized scFv antibody fragment conjugated with FITC for the real-time detection of colorectal cancer by in vivo molecular endoscopy imaging. A small-sized scFv fragment can target colon cancer secreted protein-2 (CCSP-2), highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues; moreover, its full-length IgG probe has been used for molecular imaging previously. To assess the efficacy of anti-CCSP-2 scFv-FITC, surgical specimens were obtained from 21 patients with colorectal cancer for ex vivo molecular fluorescence analysis, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Orthotopic mice were administered with anti-CCSP-2 scFv-FITC topically and intravenously, and distinct tumor lesions were observed by real-time fluorescence colonoscopy. The fluorescence imaging of human colon cancer specimens allowed the differentiation of malignant tissues from non-malignant tissues (p < 0.05), and the CCSP-2 expression level was found to be correlated with the fluorescence intensity. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of anti-CCSP-2 scFv-FITC for molecular imaging as well as its potential in real-time fluorescence colonoscopy for the differential diagnosis of tumor lesions.

Tagging for Capsule Endoscopy Localization

2011 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Rui Qi Lim ◽  
Riyas Katayan ◽  
Shwe Sin Win ◽  
Kripesh Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Position Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Result ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
X Ray Imaging

Capsule endoscopy is a medical procedure to painlessly image the Gastro intestinal tract for the diagnosis of small intestine mucosa. Present capsule endoscopy does not comprise an effective method to localize and tag the abnormalities in gastrointestinal tract during the image diagnosis. The major constraint for developing an addition function to the existing capsule is the limited package space. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the effective localization of site of interest by incorporating a miniaturized tagging module inside the capsule. The tagging module release a micro tag which embed into the region of interest upon activation. This micro tag can be detected through radiographic imaging techniques like X-ray imaging. Embedded micro tag provides valuable position information of the site of interest to facilitate further diagnosis. This paper will present the ex-vivo animal trials and the x-ray imaging result of the tagging module.

Biomolecular Imaging of Colorectal Tumor Lesion Using FITC Labeled scFv-Cκ Fragment Antibody

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung il Kim ◽  
Jinhyeon Kim ◽  
Hyori Kim ◽  
Yong Sik Yoon ◽  
Sung Wook Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Antibody Fragment ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Human Colon Cancer

Abstract For the sensitive diagnosis of colorectal cancer lesions, advanced molecular imaging techniques using cancer-specific targets were emerged. However, issues for the clearance of unbound probes and immunogenicity remain unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we developed a small sized antibody fragment conjugated with FITC for the real-time detection of colorectal cancer by in vivo molecular endoscopy imaging. A small-sized scFv fragment targets colon cancer secreted protein-2 (CCSP-2), highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue, and its full-length IgG probe has subjected to study for molecular imaging previously. To assess the advanced efficacy of anti-CCSP-2 scFv-FITC, surgical specimens were obtained from 21 patients with colorectal cancer for ex vivo molecular fluorescence analysis, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Orthotopic mice were administered with anti-CCSP-2 scFv-FITC topically and intravenously, and distinct tumor lesions were observed by real-time fluorescence colonoscopy. The fluorescence imaging of human colon cancer specimens allowed the distinction of malignant tissues from non-malignant tissues (p < 0.05), and the CCSP-2 expression level was found to be correlated with the fluorescence intensity. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of anti-CCSP-2 scFv-FITC for molecular imaging as well as its potential in real-time fluorescence colonoscopy for the differential diagnosis of tumor lesions.

scholarly journals Targeting Specific Sites in Biological Systems with Synchrotron X-Ray Microbeams for Radiobiological Studies at the Photon Factory

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinari Yokoya ◽  
Noriko Usami
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Beam Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Factory

X-ray microbeams have been used to explore radiobiological effects induced by targeting a specific site in living systems. Synchrotron radiation from the Photon Factory, Japan, with high brilliance and highly parallel directionality is a source suitable for delivering a particular beam size or shape, which can be changed according to target morphology by using a simple metal slit system (beam size from 5 μm to several millimeters). Studies have examined the non-targeted effects, called bystander cellular responses, which are thought to be fundamental mechanisms of low-dose or low-dose-rate effects in practical radiation risk research. Narrow microbeams several tens of micrometers or less in their size targeted both the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. Our method combined with live-cell imaging techniques has challenged the traditional radiobiological dogma that DNA damage is the only major cause of radiation-induced genetic alterations and is gradually revealing the role of organelles, such as mitochondria, in these biological effects. Furthermore, three-dimensionally cultured cell systems have been used as microbeam targets to mimic organs. Combining the spatial fractionation of X-ray microbeams and a unique ex vivo testes organ culture technique revealed that the tissue-sparing effect was induced in response to the non-uniform radiation fields. Spatially fractionated X-ray beams may be a promising tool in clinical radiation therapy.

scholarly journals Realistic Hair Simulator for Skin lesion Images Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Attia ◽  
Mohammed Hossny ◽  
Hailing Zhou ◽  
Anosha Yazdabadi ◽  
Hamed Asadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Lesion ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Image Synthesis ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Hair Removal ◽  
L1 Norm ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
L2 Norm

Automated skin lesion analysis is one of the trending fields that has gained attention among the dermatologists and healthcare practitioners. Skin lesion restoration is an essential preprocessing step for lesion enhancements for accurate automated analysis and diagnosis. Digital hair removal is a non-invasive method for image enhancement by solving the hair-occlusion artefact in previously captured images. Several hair removal methods were proposed for skin delineation and removal. However, manual annotation is one of the main challenges that hinder the validation of these proposed methods on a large number of images or using benchmarking datasets for comparison purposes. In the presented work, we propose a realistic hair simulator based on context-aware image synthesis using image-to-image translation techniques via conditional adversarial generative networks for generation of different hair occlusions in skin images, along with the ground-truth mask for hair location. Besides, we explored using three loss functions including L1-norm, L2-norm and structural similarity index (SSIM) to maximise the synthesis quality. For quantitatively evaluate the realism of image synthesis, the t-SNE feature mapping and Bland-Altman test are employed as objective metrics. Experimental results show the superior performance of our proposed method compared to previous methods for hair synthesis with plausible colours and preserving the integrity of the lesion texture.

Studies of metaphase chromosomes in the scanning transmission x-ray microscope: Image fidelity, radiation damage and specimen preparation

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1038-1039
Author(s):  
Shawn Williams ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Susan Lamm ◽  
Jack Van’t Hof
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission

The Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) is well suited for investigating metaphase chromosome structure. The absorption cross-section of soft x-rays having energies between the carbon and oxygen K edges (284 - 531 eV) is 6 - 9.5 times greater for organic specimens than for water, which permits one to examine unstained, wet biological specimens with resolution superior to that attainable using visible light. The attenuation length of the x-rays is suitable for imaging micron thick specimens without sectioning. This large difference in cross-section yields good specimen contrast, so that fewer soft x-rays than electrons are required to image wet biological specimens at a given resolution. But most imaging techniques delivering better resolution than visible light produce radiation damage. Soft x-rays are known to be very effective in damaging biological specimens. The STXM is constructed to minimize specimen dose, but it is important to measure the actual damage induced as a function of dose in order to determine the dose range within which radiation damage does not compromise image quality.

An x-ray microprobe based upon a close-coupled focal-spot / glass capillary arrangement

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1758-1759
Author(s):  
D. A. Carpenter ◽  
M. A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Close Coupling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Beam Damage

The development of intense sources of x rays has led to renewed interest in the use of microbeams of x rays in x-ray fluorescence analysis. Sparks pointed out that the use of x rays as a probe offered the advantages of high sensitivity, low detection limits, low beam damage, and large penetration depths with minimal specimen preparation or perturbation. In addition, the option of air operation provided special advantages for examination of hydrated systems or for nondestructive microanalysis of large specimens.The disadvantages of synchrotron sources prompted the development of laboratory-based instrumentation with various schemes to maximize the beam flux while maintaining small point-to-point resolution. Nichols and Ryon developed a microprobe using a rotating anode source and a modified microdiffractometer. Cross and Wherry showed that by close-coupling the x-ray source, specimen, and detector, good intensities could be obtained for beam sizes between 30 and 100μm. More importantly, both groups combined specimen scanning with modern imaging techniques for rapid element mapping.

ROS-responsive nanomedicine: Towards targeting the breast tumor microenvironment

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
RamaRao Malla ◽  
Mohammad Amjad Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Breast Tumor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Massive Accumulation

: The breast tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes drug resistance through an elaborated interaction of TME components mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite a massive accumulation of data concerning the targeting the ROS, but little is known about the ROS-responsive nanomedicine for targeting breast TME. This review submits the ROS landscape in breast TME, including ROS biology, ROS mediated carcinogenesis, reprogramming of stromal and immune cells of TME. We also discussed ROS-based precision strategies for imaging TME, including molecular imaging techniques with advanced probes, multiplexed methods, and multi-omic profiling strategies. ROS-responsive nanomedicine also describes various therapies, such as chemo-dynamic, photodynamic, photothermal, sono-dynamic, immune, and gene therapy for BC. We expound ROS-responsive primary delivery systems for chemotherapeutics, phytochemicals, and immunotherapeutics. This review also presents recent updates on nano-theranostics for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of BCs. We assume that review on this advancing field will be beneficial to the development of ROS-based nanotheranostics for BC.

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