scholarly journals Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance in Rugby Players: A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Eric A. Martin ◽  
George K. Beckham
Keyword(s):  
Body Force ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
Force Data ◽  
Academic Search ◽  
Force Characteristics

The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is a multi-joint test of whole-body force production relevant to rugby players. “Rugby AND (mid-thigh pull OR midthigh pull OR mid thigh pull” were searched in PubMed, Sportdiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Google Scholar; the final date of search was 24 January 2018. Data extraction from 24 articles included subject characteristics, force data, and IMTP testing procedures. Select ranges of peak forces reported were: Youth: 1162–2374 N; Academy: 1855–3104 N; Professional: 2254–3851 N. Rate of force development (RFD) at 100 and 200 ms ranged from 5521 to 11,892 N and 5403 to 8405 N, respectively, among professional rugby players. Studies’ research design were of moderate quality, but most studies lacked detailed reporting of IMTP procedures. Variability of force characteristics derived from the IMTP within similar populations (e.g., approximately 200% difference in peak force between samples of professional rugby league players) as well as large and unexpected overlaps between dissimilar populations, limit conclusions about force production capabilities relative to playing level, likely due to limitations and lack of standardization of IMTP procedures. Greater uniformity in IMTP testing procedures and reporting is needed. This manuscript provides a guide for reporting needs when presenting results from an IMTP in research.

scholarly journals Force Production during the Sustained Phase of Rugby Scrums: A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Martin ◽  
George Beckham
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Rugby Players

Abstract Background: Since World Rugby changed the laws regarding scrums in the 2013-2014 season, the sustained push phase of the scrum has increased in tactical importance. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic literature review was to examine the biomechanical demands during the sustained push phase of individual, unit, and full pack scrummaging. Methods: Pubmed, EBSCO (specifically and simultaneously searching Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus), and Google Scholar were searched for any research that presented force production in a live or simulated rugby scrum. Study quality was appraised using the National Institute of Health's Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Recorded scrum forces, positioning of players including joint angles, and testing procedures were extracted and narratively synthesized. Results: Twenty six studies were included in the review. 50% of included studies were rated good, 31% fair, and 19% poor. Major limitations included not reporting any effect size, statistical power, or reliability. Reported group mean values for average sustained forces against a machine generally ranged from 1000-2000 N in individual scrums and 4000-8000 N for full packs of male rugby players older than high school age. Individuals seem to optimize their force generation when their shoulders are set against scrum machine pads at approximately 40% of body height, with feet parallel, and with knee and hip angles around 120°. A 10% difference in pack force seems to be necessary for one pack to drive another back in the scrum, but little data exist to quantify differences in force production between winning and losing packs during live scrums. Data collection within studies was not standardized, making comparisons difficult. There is a lack of data in live scrums, and the current research indicates that machine scrums may not replicate many of the demands of live scrums. There is a lack of data for female rugby players. Conclusions: This review indicates an optimal individual body position for players to strive to achieve during scrummaging, consisting of a low body height (40% of stature) and large extended hip and knee angles (120° each).

scholarly journals Force Production during the Sustained Phase of Rugby Scrums: A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Martin ◽  
George Beckham
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Rugby Players

Abstract Background: Since World Rugby changed the laws regarding scrums in the 2013-2014 season, the sustained push phase of the scrum has become of greater tactical importance. Therefore, the purpose of this sytematic literature review was to examine the biomechanical demands during the sustained push phase of individual, unit, and full pack scrummaging. Methods: Pubmed, EBSCO (specifically and simultaneously searching Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus), and Google Scholar were searched for any research that presented force production in a live or simulated rugby scrum. Study quality was appraised using the National Institute of Health's Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Recorded scrum forces, positioning of players including joint angles, and testing procedures were extracted and narratively synthesized. Results: Twenty six studies were included in the review. 50% of included studies were rated good, 31% fair, and 19% poor. Major limitations included not reporting any effect size, statistical power, or reliability. Reported group mean values for average sustained forces against a machine generally ranged from 1000-2000 N in individual scrums and 4000-8000 N for full packs of male rugby players older than high school age. Individuals seem to optimize their force generation when their shoulders are set against scrum machine pads at approximately 40% of body height, with feet parallel, and with knee and hip angles around 120°. A 10% difference in pack force seems to be necessary for one pack to drive another back in the scrum, but little data exist to quantify differences in force production between winning and losing packs during live scrums. Data collection within studies was not standardized, making comparisons difficult. There is a lack of data in live scrums, and the current research indicates that machine scrums may not replicate many of the demands of live scrums. There is a lack of data for female rugby players. Conclusions: This review indicates an optimal individual body position for players to strive to achieve during scrummaging, consisting of a low body height (40% of stature) and large extended hip and knee angles (120° each).

scholarly journals Maximum aerodynamic force production by the wandering glider dragonfly (Pantala flavescens, Libellulidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb218552
Author(s):  
Guanting Su ◽  
Robert Dudley ◽  
Tianyu Pan ◽  
Mengzong Zheng ◽  
Liansong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Force ◽  
Aerodynamic Force ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Aerodynamic Optimization ◽  
A Value

ABSTRACTMaximum whole-body force production can influence behavioral outcomes for volant taxa, and may also be relevant to aerodynamic optimization in microair vehicles. Here, we describe a new method for measuring maximum force production in free-flying animals, and present associated data for the wandering glider dragonfly. Flight trajectories were repeatedly acquired from pull-up responses by insects dropped in mid-air with submaximal loads attached beneath the center of body mass. Forces were estimated from calculations of the maximum time-averaged acceleration through time, and multiple estimates were obtained per individual so as to statistically facilitate approximation of maximum capacity through use of the Weibull distribution. On a group level, wandering glider dragonflies were here estimated to be capable of producing total aerodynamic force equal to ∼4.3 times their own body weight, a value which significantly exceeds earlier estimates made for load-lifting dragonflies, and also for other volant taxa in sustained vertical load-lifting experiments. Maximum force production varied isometrically with body mass. Falling and recovery flight with submaximal load represents a new context for evaluating limits to force production by flying animals.

scholarly journals The effect of including the Nordic Hamstring exercise on sprint and jump performance in athletes: protocol of a systematic review and meta-analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Krommes ◽  
Mathias F. Nielsen ◽  
Laura Krohn ◽  
Birk M. Grønfeldt ◽  
Kristian Thorborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Force Production ◽  
List Type ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Hamstring Strain ◽  
Data Extraction Form ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractThe Nordic Hamstring exercise reduces hamstring strain injuries in football and other sports, but the exercise is not well adopted in practice. Barriers from practitioners include fear of performance decrements, due to lack of specificity of the exercise with high speed running. However, in theory, increased eccentric hamstring strength could transfer to faster sprinting due to higher horizontal force production. Studies on the effect of the Nordic Hamstring exercise on performance have been conflicting and no synthesis of the evidence exists. We therefore pose the following question: does including the Nordic Hamstring exercise hamper sprint or jump performance in athletes? We will answer this question by performing a systematic review of the literature, critically appraise relevant studies, and GRADE the evidence across key outcomes and perform meta-analyses, meta-regression and subgroup analyses. In this protocol we outline the planned methods and procedures.Progress reportBesides this protocol, our data extraction form and the process of data extraction has been piloted on 3 relevant studies, along with familiarization with the Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. We have also comprised a preliminary search strategy for PubMed.Supplementary filesData Extraction Form (.pdf)Populated PRISMA-P checklist (.pdf)

Therapeutic hypothermia for mild neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujwal Kariholu ◽  
Paolo Montaldo ◽  
Theodora Markati ◽  
Peter J Lally ◽  
Russell Pryce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Usual Care ◽  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Neonatal Encephalopathy ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Manual Search

ObjectivesTo examine if therapeutic hypothermia reduces the composite outcome of death, moderate or severe disability at 18 months or more after mild neonatal encephalopathy (NE).Data sourceMEDLINE, Cochrane database, Scopus and ISI Web of Knowledge databases, using ‘hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy’, ‘newborn’ and ‘hypothermia’, and ‘clinical trials’ as medical subject headings and terms. Manual search of the reference lists of all eligible articles and major review articles and additional data from the corresponding authors of selected articles.Study selectionRandomised and quasirandomised controlled trials comparing therapeutic hypothermia with usual care.Data extractionSafety and efficacy data extracted independently by two reviewers and analysed.ResultsWe included the data on 117 babies with mild NE inadvertently recruited to five cooling trials (two whole-body cooling and three selective head cooling) of moderate and severe NE, in the meta-analysis. Adverse outcomes occurred in 11/56 (19.6%) of the cooled babies and 12/61 (19.7%) of the usual care babies (risk ratio 1.11 (95% CIs 0.55 to 2.25)).ConclusionsCurrent evidence is insufficient to recommend routine therapeutic hypothermia for babies with mild encephalopathy and significant benefits or harm cannot be excluded.

Mapping Together Kinetic and Kinematic Abilities of the Hand

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P. Drost ◽  
Hyokyoung G. Hong ◽  
Tamara Reid Bush
Keyword(s):  
Hand Function ◽  
Coordinate Space ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Kinematic Space ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
Finger Forces ◽  
Finger Posture ◽  
Force Data ◽  
Force Characteristics

Abstract Millions of people have reduced hand function; this loss of function can be due to injury, disease, or aging. Loss of hand function is identified as reduced motion abilities in the fingers or a decrease in the ability of the fingers to generate force. Unfortunately, there are limited data available regarding each finger's ability to produce force and how those force characteristics vary with changes in finger posture. To relate motion and force abilities of the fingers, first, an approach to measure and map them together is needed. The goal of this work was to develop and demonstrate a method to quantify the force abilities of the fingers and map these forces to the kinematic space associated with each finger. Using motion capture and multiaxis load cells, finger forces were quantified at different positions over their ranges of motion. These two sets of data were then converted to the same coordinate space and mapped together. Further, the data were normalized for the index finger and mapped as a population space model. The ability to quantify motion and force data for each finger and map them together will provide an improved understanding of the effects of treatments and rehabilitation, identifying functional loss due to injury or disease, and device design.

scholarly journals Fair Go? Indigenous Rugby League Players and the Racial Exclusion of the Australian National Anthem

2020 ◽  
pp. 216747952093559
Author(s):  
Jamie Cleland ◽  
Daryl Adair ◽  
Keith Parry
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Online Media ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Racial Exclusion ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
Theory Framework

This article explores the implications of widely publicized national anthem protests by several Indigenous rugby league players in Australia during 2019. With a goal of doing justice to these Indigenous voices (and in this case also their silence), a critical race theory framework was deployed to both listen to and interpret the reasons behind the protests. The data source was online media reports that centered on the perspectives of players and rugby league officials, along with responses to the protests by prominent journalists and politicians via online opinion pieces. The findings indicate that the voices of Indigenous athletes in Australia are important in raising concerns about nationalist rituals and symbols that, by their colonialist nature, subjugate Aboriginal peoples. Importantly, the Indigenous rugby league players were not alone in their campaign. The Recognition in Anthem Project, which began in 2017, indicates that the perspectives of these protesting rugby players were part of a wider discussion about change. The movement for a new national anthem, therefore, was not just isolated to sport, and this appears to have provided the Indigenous rugby players—as social commentators—with atypical influence.

scholarly journals Young Pacific Male Rugby Players’ Perceptions and Experiences of Mental Wellbeing

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Caleb Marsters ◽  
Jemaima Tiatia-Seath
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Rugby Players

Recent studies and increased media reporting across Australasia have linked young Pacific maleelite athletes to depression, suicide, and other adverse mental health-related events. Despite these accounts,little is known about the way this group experience emotions and mental wellbeing. The aim of this studywas to explore young Pacific male athletes’ perceptions and experiences of emotions and mental wellbeing.This qualitative study involved 20 face-to-face interviews with young Pacific males (16–24 years) engaged inelite rugby union and rugby league programmes in Auckland, New Zealand. The results identified thatathletes defined mental wellbeing in a holistic and relational manner and perceived and mental wellbeing asthe culmination of several interconnected factors, including: Family support, reciprocating family support,living a ‘well-balanced’ life, athletic performance, and personal development away from sports. Themaintenance of a well-balanced athletic identity and positive social relations were deemed central tosustaining mental wellbeing for these young men.

scholarly journals Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Therapy on Body Functions and Structures, Activity, and Participation Poststroke: A Systematic Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1232-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Rong Liao ◽  
Meizhen Huang ◽  
Freddy M.H. Lam ◽  
Marco Y.C. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Exercise Condition ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Societal Participation ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Study Participants

BackgroundWhole-body vibration (WBV) has gained increasing popularity in rehabilitation. Recent studies have investigated the application of WBV in individuals with chronic illnesses, including stroke.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare WBV exercise with the same exercise condition without WBV and with other types of physical exercise in enhancing body functions and structures, activity, and participation in individuals with stroke and examine its safety.Data SourceElectronic searches were conducted on MEDLINE, CINAHL, PEDro, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Science Citation Index.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of WBV among individuals with stroke were identified by 2 independent researchers. Ten articles (9 studies, totaling 333 study participants) satisfied the selection criteria and were included in this review.Data ExtractionThe methodological quality was rated using the PEDro scale. The results were extracted by 2 independent researchers and confirmed with the principal investigator.Data SynthesisOnly 2 RCTs were considered as demonstrating level 1 evidence (PEDro score ≥6 and sample size >50). Two RCTs examined the effects of a single WBV session, and 7 RCTs examined the effects of WBV programs spanning 3 to 12 weeks. No consistent benefits on bone turnover, leg motor function, balance, mobility, sensation, fall rate, activities of daily living, or societal participation were found, regardless of the nature of the comparison group. Adverse events were minor.LimitationsA broad approach was used, with stroke as an inclusion criterion for review. No solid evidence was found concerning the effects of WBV on subgroups of people with specific stroke-related deficits due to the heterogeneity of patient groups.ConclusionsBased on the review, there is insufficient evidence to support clinical use of WBV in enhancing body functions and structures, activity, and participation after stroke.

Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Force Production in Young, Middle-aged, and Older Men

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S102
Author(s):  
Eric F. Mathe ◽  
Joel T. Cramer ◽  
Debra A. Bemben ◽  
Michael G. Bemben
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Body Vibration
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