scholarly journals The Forgotten Skeletogenic Condensations: A Comparison of Early Skeletal Development Amongst Vertebrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Giffin ◽  
Danielle Gaitor ◽  
Tamara A. Franz-Odendaal
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Skeletal Element ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Vertebrate Skeleton

The development of a skeletogenic condensation is perhaps the most critical yet considerably overlooked stage of skeletogenesis. Described in this comprehensive review are the mechanisms that facilitate skeletogenic condensation formation, growth, and maintenance to allow for overt differentiation into a skeletal element. This review discusses the current knowledge of gene regulation and characterization of skeletogenic condensations in the chicken, mouse, zebrafish, and other developmental models. We limited our scope to condensations that give rise to the bones and cartilages of the vertebrate skeleton, with a particular focus on craniofacial and limb bud regions. While many of the skeletogenic processes are similar among vertebrate lineages, differences are apparent in the site and timing of the initial epithelial–mesenchymal interactions as well as in whether the condensation has an osteogenic or chondrogenic fate, both within and among species. Further comparative studies are needed to clarify and broaden the existing knowledge of this intricate phenomenon.

The glycomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and other model organisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. Haslam ◽  
David Gems ◽  
Howard R. Morris ◽  
Anne Dell
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
The Face ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
Nematode Worm

There is no doubt that the immense amount of information that is being generated by the initial sequencing and secondary interrogation of various genomes will change the face of glycobiological research. However, a major area of concern is that detailed structural knowledge of the ultimate products of genes that are identified as being involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis is still limited. This is illustrated clearly by the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced. To date, only limited structural data on the glycosylated molecules of this organism have been reported. Our laboratory is addressing this problem by performing detailed MS structural characterization of the N-linked glycans of C. elegans; high-mannose structures dominate, with only minor amounts of complex-type structures. Novel, highly fucosylated truncated structures are also present which are difucosylated on the proximal N-acetylglucosamine of the chitobiose core as well as containing unusual Fucα1–2Gal1–2Man as peripheral structures. The implications of these results in terms of the identification of ligands for genomically predicted lectins and potential glycosyltransferases are discussed in this chapter. Current knowledge on the glycomes of other model organisms such as Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster is also discussed briefly.

Amruthapala (Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter): A Comprehensive Review on Diversity, Therapeutic Uses, and Valorization of Bioactive Constituents

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Mishra ◽  
Nupur Srivastava ◽  
Velusamy Sundaresan ◽  
Karuna Shanker
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Decalepis Arayalpathra

Background: Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter is used primarily for nutrition besides its therapeutic values. Traditional preparations/formulations from its tuber are used as a vitalizer and blood purifier drink. The folklore medicinal uses cover inflammation, cough, wound healing, antipyretic, and digestive system management. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the plant is required due to emerging concerns over its safety and efficacy. Objective: The systematic collection of the authentic information from different sources with the critical discussion is summarised in order to address various issues related to botanical identity, therapeutic medicine, nutritional usage, phytochemical, and pharmacological potentials of the D. arayalpathra. Current use of traditional systems of medicine can be used to expand future research opportunities. Materials and Methods: Available scripted information was collected manually, from peered review research papers and international databases viz. Science Direct, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Scopus, etc. The unpublished resources which were not available in database were collected through the classical books of ‘Ayurveda’ and ‘Siddha’ published in regional languages. The information from books, Ph.D. and MSc dissertations, conference papers and government reports were also collected. We thoroughly screened the scripted information of classical books, titles, abstracts, reports, and full-texts of the journals to establish the reliability of the content. Results: Tuber bearing vanilla like signature flavor is due to the presence of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB). Among five other species, Decalepis arayalpathra (DA) has come under the ‘critically endangered’ category, due to over-exploitation for traditional, therapeutic and cool drink use. The experimental studies proved that it possesses gastro-protective, anti-tumor, and antiinflammatory activities. Some efforts were also made to develop better therapeutics by logical modifications in 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde, which is a major secondary metabolite of D. arayalpathra. ‘Amruthapala’ offers the enormous opportunity to develop herbal drink with health benefits like gastro-protective, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Results: The plant has the potential to generate the investigational new lead (IND) based on its major secondary metabolite i.e. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde. The present mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on Decalepis arayalpathra, covering its phytochemical diversity, biological potentials, strategies for its conservation, and intellectual property rights (IPR) status. Chemical Compounds: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 69600), α-amyrin acetate (Pubchem CID: 293754), Magnificol (Pubchem CID: 44575983), β-sitosterol (Pubchem CID: 222284), 3-hydroxy-p-anisaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 12127), Naringenin (Pubchem CID: 932), Kaempferol (Pubchem CID: 5280863), Aromadendrin (Pubchem CID: 122850), 3-methoxy-1,2-cyclopentanedione (Pubchem CID: 61209), p-anisaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 31244), Menthyl acetate (Pubchem CID: 27867), Benzaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 240), p-cymene (Pubchem CID: 7463), Salicylaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 6998), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (Pubchem CID: 6430754), α -amyrin (Pubchem CID: 225688), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 12127).

scholarly journals Characterization of CRISPR Spacer and Protospacer Sequences in Paenibacillus larvae and Its Bacteriophages

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Casey Stamereilers ◽  
Simon Wong ◽  
Philippos K. Tsourkas
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Point Of Reference

The bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood, the most devastating bacterial disease of honeybees. Because P. larvae is antibiotic resistant, phages that infect it are currently used as alternative treatments. However, the acquisition by P. larvae of CRISPR spacer sequences from the phages could be an obstacle to treatment efforts. We searched nine complete genomes of P. larvae strains and identified 714 CRISPR spacer sequences, of which 384 are unique. Of the four epidemiologically important P. larvae strains, three of these have fewer than 20 spacers, while one strain has over 150 spacers. Of the 384 unique spacers, 18 are found as protospacers in the genomes of 49 currently sequenced P. larvae phages. One P. larvae strain does not have any protospacers found in phages, while another has eight. Protospacer distribution in the phages is uneven, with two phages having up to four protospacers, while a third of phages have none. Some phages lack protospacers found in closely related phages due to point mutations, indicating a possible escape mechanism. This study serve a point of reference for future studies on the CRISPR-Cas system in P. larvae as well as for comparative studies of other phage–host systems.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Solitary Fibrous Tumor: New Insights for New Horizons

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2913
Author(s):  
Javier Martin-Broto ◽  
Jose L. Mondaza-Hernandez ◽  
David S. Moura ◽  
Nadia Hindi
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Fibrous Tumor ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fusion Transcript ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
In Series ◽  
Prospective Phase ◽  
Fibrous Tumor

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare mesenchymal, ubiquitous tumor, with an incidence of 1 new case/million people/year. In the 2020 WHO classification, risk stratification models were recommended as a better tool to determine prognosis in SFT, to the detriment of “typical” or “malignant” classic terms. The risk for metastasis is up to 35–45%, or even greater, in series with a longer follow-up. Over the last few decades, advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics identified STAT6 nuclear protein expression and the NAB2–STAT6 fusion gene as more precise tools for SFT diagnosis. Recent evidence taken from retrospective series and from two prospective phase II clinical trials showed that antiangiogenics are active and their sequential use from first line should be considered, except for dedifferentiated SFT for which chemotherapy is the best option. Since the fusion transcript driver’s first description in 2013, new insights have been brought on key molecular events in SFT. This comprehensive review mainly focuses on the superior efficacy of antiangiogenics over chemotherapeutic agents in SFT, provides the current knowledge of key molecules that could co-drive the SFT behavior, and suggests new target candidates that deserve to be explored in preclinical and clinical research in SFT.

The genus Chaenothecopsis (Mycocaliciaceae) in Switzerland, and a key to the European species

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urs GRONER
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Subalpine Forests ◽  
European Species

Current knowledge about the non-lichenized genus Chaenothecopsis in Switzerland is reviewed. A characterization of the genus and a key to all accepted European taxa are presented, excluding the little known resinicolous species. The distribution of the 15 Chaenothecopsis species recorded in Switzerland is briefly summarized. Specimens in the herbaria belong mainly to C. pusilla, C. rubescens and C. viridialba; recent collections include rarer species such as C. hospitans, C. ochroleuca, C. retinens and C. tasmanica. It seems that many taxa occur predominantly in montane to subalpine forests in the Northern Prealps, although distributional data are still scarce.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Transfer in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3245
Author(s):  
Luca X. Zampieri ◽  
Catarina Silva-Almeida ◽  
Justin D. Rondeau ◽  
Pierre Sonveaux
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Tunneling Nanotubes ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Cancer Cell Death ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Depending on their tissue of origin, genetic and epigenetic marks and microenvironmental influences, cancer cells cover a broad range of metabolic activities that fluctuate over time and space. At the core of most metabolic pathways, mitochondria are essential organelles that participate in energy and biomass production, act as metabolic sensors, control cancer cell death, and initiate signaling pathways related to cancer cell migration, invasion, metastasis and resistance to treatments. While some mitochondrial modifications provide aggressive advantages to cancer cells, others are detrimental. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge about mitochondrial transfers that can occur between cancer and nonmalignant cells. Among different mechanisms comprising gap junctions and cell-cell fusion, tunneling nanotubes are increasingly recognized as a main intercellular platform for unidirectional and bidirectional mitochondrial exchanges. Understanding their structure and functionality is an important task expected to generate new anticancer approaches aimed at interfering with gains of functions (e.g., cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance) or damaged mitochondria elimination associated with mitochondrial transfer.

Role of the neural crest in development of the trabeculae and branchial arches in embryonic sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus (L)

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Langille ◽  
B.K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Artificial Fertilization ◽  
Vertebrate Skeleton ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Head Skeleton ◽  
Neurula Stage

Lamprey embryos were obtained by artificial fertilization to ascertain the contributions made by the neural crest to the head skeleton. Early-neurula-stage embryos of Petromyzon marinus were subjected to neural crest extirpation along the anterior half from one of seven zones, raised to a larval stage at which control larvae exhibit well-developed skeletons and analysed by light microscopy for any abnormalities to the cranial and visceral skeleton. The removal of premigratory neural crest at the level of the anterior prosencephalon (zone I) and at the level of somites 6 to 8 (zone VII) had no effect on skeletal development. However, the extirpation of neural crest from the intervening regions was positively correlated with deletions/reductions to the trabeculae (basicranial elements) and to the branchial arches (viscerocranial elements). Alterations to the trabeculae (16/27 cases, or 59%) occurred only after extirpation of zones II-V (corresponding to the posterior prosencephalon to midrhombencephalon) while alterations to the branchial arches (21/28 cases, or 75%) occurred only after removal of neural crest from zones III-VI (corresponding to the mesencephalon to the level of the fifth somite). Furthermore, the first three branchial arches were correlated in a majority of cases with neural crest from zone III, the next two arches with zones IV, V and VI and the last two arches with zone VI. Organs that develop within or adjacent to the area of neural crest extirpation such as the brain, notochord and lateral mesodermal derivatives were not affected. Parachordals were never altered by the operations nor were there any discernible changes to developing mucocartilage or to the prechondrogenic otic capsule. The contributions of the neural crest to the petromyzonid head skeleton described herein are compared with the roles of neural crest in the development of cranial and visceral skeletal elements in other vertebrates. The importance of these findings to the current hypothesis of the phylogeny of the vertebrate skeleton and the central role of the neural crest in vertebrate cephalization is discussed.

Mechanisms of Giardia lamblia differentiation into cysts

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304
Author(s):  
H D Luján ◽  
M R Mowatt ◽  
T E Nash
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Adverse Conditions

Microbiologists have long been intrigued by the ability of parasitic organisms to adapt to changes in the environment. Since most parasites occupy several niches during their journey between vectors and hosts, they have developed adaptive responses which allow them to survive under adverse conditions. Therefore, the life cycles of protozoan and helminthic parasites are excellent models with which to study numerous mechanisms involved in cell differentiation, such as the regulation of gene expression, signal transduction pathways, and organelle biogenesis. Unfortunately, many of these studies are very difficult because the conditions needed to elicit developmental changes in parasites remain undetermined in most cases. Recently, several interesting findings were reported on the process of differentiation of Giardia lamblia trophozoites into cysts. G. lamblia is a flagellated protozoan that inhabits the upper small intestine of its vertebrate host and is a major cause of enteric disease worldwide. It belongs to the earliest identified lineage among eukaryotes and therefore offers a unique insight into the progression from primitive to more complex eukaryotic cells. The discovery of a specific stimulus that induces trophozoites to differentiate into cysts, the identification and characterization of encystation-specific molecules, the elucidation of novel biochemical pathways, and the development of useful reagents and techniques have made this parasite an excellent model with which to study differentiation in eukaryotic cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent fundings on several aspects of Giardia differentiation and discuss the significance of these findings within the context of current knowledge in the field.

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