scholarly journals The Use of Agricultural Waste in the Modification of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Composites Intended for 3D Printing Applications. The Use of Toughened Blend Systems to Improve Mechanical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Jacek Andrzejewski ◽  
Karolina Grad ◽  
Wojciech Wiśniewski ◽  
Joanna Szulc
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition

The presented research focused on improving the mechanical properties of PLA-based composites reinforced with buckwheat husks (BH) particles. The research work was carried out in two stages. Firstly, the blend was prepared with the addition of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and thermoplastic starch (TPS), manufactured by injection molding technique, then the selected materials were prepared with the addition of BH filler, and the samples were prepared using the fused deposition modeling method (FDM). All samples were subjected to the assessment of material properties. Thermal and thermomechanical properties were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA). Mechanical characteristic was evaluated using static tensile and flexural measurements and Charpy impact resistance tests. The research was supplemented with scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). It was found that the addition of PBAT and TPS greatly improves impact strength and elongation, especially with the addition of reactive compatibilizer. As expected, TPS, PBAT, and BH reduced the stiffness of the composites during DMTA testing. The presence of BH particles in the polymer matrix was observed to improve the crystallization behavior of PLA. The optimal content of BH filler in the composite was found to be 10%, which allowed to preserve good mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of 3D-Printed Agave Fibers/Poly(lactic) Acid Biocomposites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3111
Author(s):  
Valeria Figueroa-Velarde ◽  
Tania Diaz-Vidal ◽  
Erick Omar Cisneros-López ◽  
Jorge Ramón Robledo-Ortiz ◽  
Edgar J. López-Naranjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Agave Fibers

In order to provide a second economic life to agave fibers, an important waste material from the production of tequila, filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA) were filled with agave fibers (0, 3, 5, 10 wt%), and further utilized to produce biocomposites by fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing at two raster angles (−45°/45° and 0/90°). Differential scanning calorimetry, water uptake, density variation, morphology, and composting of the biocomposites were studied. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites (tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact properties) were determined following ASTM international norms. The addition of agave fibers to the filaments increased the crystallinity value from 23.7 to 44.1%. However, the fibers generated porous structures with a higher content of open cells and lower apparent densities than neat PLA pieces. The printing angle had a low significant effect on flexural and tensile properties, but directly affected the morphology of the printed biocomposites, positively influenced the impact strength, and slightly improved the absorption values for biocomposites printed at −45°/45°. Overall, increasing the concentrations of agave fibers had a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites. The disintegration of the biocomposites under simulated composting conditions was slowed 1.6-fold with the addition of agave fibers, compared to neat PLA.

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

scholarly journals Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (lactic acid)/Macadamia Composites—Thermal, Mechanical Properties and Scaffolds

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Song ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Huadong Qin ◽  
Shoufeng Yang ◽  
Shifeng Wen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Structural Parts

In this work Macadamia nutshell (MS) was used as filler in fused deposition modeling (FDM) of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites filaments. Composites containing MS both treated and untreated with alkali and silane were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the treated MS composites had better thermal stability. Furthermore, compression tests were carried out. The PLA with 10 wt% treated MS composite was found possessing the best mechanical properties which was almost equivalent to that of the pure PLA. Finally, porous scaffolds of PLA/10 wt% treated MS were fabricated. The scaffolds exhibited various porosities in range of 30–65%, interconnected holes in size of 0.3–0.5 mm, micro pores with dimension of 0.1–1 μm and 37.92–244.46 MPa of elastic modulus. Those values indicated that the FDM of PLA/MS composites have the potential to be used as weight lighter and structural parts.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2567
Author(s):  
Madison Bardot ◽  
Michael D. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Biodegradable Poly ◽  
Deposition Modeling

3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, most materials suitable for FDM 3D printing are non-degradable, petroleum-based polymers. The current ecological crisis caused by plastic waste has produced great interest in biodegradable materials for many applications, including 3D printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in particular, has been extensively investigated for FDM applications. However, most biodegradable polymers, including PLA, have insufficient mechanical properties for many applications. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to introduce additives that enhance the mechanical properties of PLA while maintaining FDM 3D printability. This review focuses on PLA-based nanocomposites with cellulose, metal-based nanoparticles, continuous fibers, carbon-based nanoparticles, or other additives. These additives impact both the physical properties and printability of the resulting nanocomposites. We also detail the optimal conditions for using these materials in FDM 3D printing. These approaches demonstrate the promise of developing nanocomposites that are both biodegradable and mechanically robust.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of FDM Printed PLA Parts before and after Thermal Treatment

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Ali Chalgham ◽  
Andrea Ehrmann ◽  
Inge Wickenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most often-used technologies in additive manufacturing. Several materials are used with this technology, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is most commonly applied. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts depend on the process parameters. This is why, in this study, three-point bending tests were carried out to characterize the influence of build orientation, layer thickness, printing temperature and printing speed on the mechanical properties of PLA samples. Not only the process parameters may affect the mechanical properties, but heat after-treatment also has an influence on them. For this reason, additional samples were printed with optimal process parameters and characterized after pure heat treatment as well as after deformation at a temperature above the glass transition temperature, cooling with applied deformation, and subsequent recovery under heat treatment. These findings are planned to be used in a future study on finger orthoses that could either be printed according to shape or in a flat shape and afterwards heated and bent around the finger.

Effect of Fiber Loading on the Chemical, Structural and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid/Abaca Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 1041 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Cyron L. Custodio ◽  
Joel M. Cabañero ◽  
Marissa A. Paglicawan ◽  
Blessie A. Basilia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Fiber Loading ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Cellulose Composites ◽  
3D Printed

In an attempt to improve the physical properties of 3D printed poly lactic acid (PLA), this study aims to develop a microcrystalline cellulose fiber and observe the effects of fiber loading on the PLA/cellulose composites to the composition, crystallinity, morphology, and tensile properties of the resulting 3D printed material. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) have been extracted from indigenous raw abaca fibers and used as the fiber reinforcement for the PLA matrix. Composites of 1 and 3 wt% MCC fibers with PLA were processed using the twin-screw extruder to produce filaments. The resulting composite filaments were 3D printed utilizing the fused deposition modeling technology. FTIR, XRD, digital microscopy, and mechanical testing were used in characterizing the various 3D printed PLA/MCC composite. With the incorporation of cellulose, the PLA/MCC had up to 32% increase in tensile strength and 43% increase in modulus at just 3 wt% fiber loading due to the inherent high modulus of abaca cellulose. The MCC significantly influences the chemical, structural and mechanical properties of the 3D printed PLA/MCC composites.

scholarly journals Fused deposition modeling of polypropylene-aluminium silicate dihydrate microcomposites

e-Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Kilole Tesfaye Chaka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Aluminium Silicate

Abstract Polypropylene (PP) undergoes fast crystallization and resulting in rigorous shrinkage when it is subjected to high temperature likewise of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. This research study focuses on the investigation of the processing parameters and factors that decrease the warpage of PP during the FDM process. Aluminium silicate dihydrate (K) microparticles of different ratios were melt blended with PP by a twin-screw extruder, and filaments of about 1.7 mm diameter were extruded in a single screw extruder. Then, the extruded filaments were used to fabricate the dumbbells structure through the FDM process. The effects of optimizing the fused deposition temperature, coating the chamber with thick papers/fabrics, and coating a printer bed with PP material were also investigated in this study. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, melt flow, and mechanical properties testing instruments are used to analyze the microparticles dispersion, crystallization, flow, and mechanical properties of resulting samples. Uniformly dispersed filler and increased printing chamber temperature result in an increase of crystallization temperature and improve the dimensional accuracy of fused deposited specimens. The fused deposited PP-K10 wt% composite showed an improvement of up to 32% in tensile modulus compared to the neat PP.

scholarly journals Powder Loading Effects on the Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Poly Lactic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Biocomposites

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Cyron Lego Custodio ◽  
Phoebeliza Jane M. Broñola ◽  
Sharyjel R.Cayabyab ◽  
Vivian U. Lagura ◽  
Josefina R. Celorico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Modeling Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Sbf Solution

This study presents the physicochemical and mechanical behavior of incorporating hydroxyapatite (HAp) with polylactic acid (PLA) matrix in 3D printed PLA/HAp composite materials. Effects of powder loading to the composition, crystallinity, morphology, and mechanical properties were observed. HAp was synthesized from locally sourced nanoprecipitated calcium carbonate and served as the filler for the PLA matrix. The 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt. % HAp biocomposite filaments were formed using a twin-screw extruder. The resulting filaments were 3D printed in an Ultimaker S5 machine utilizing a fused deposition modeling technology. Successful incorporation of HAp and PLA was observed using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties of pure PLA had improved on the incorporation of 15% HAp; from 32.7 to 47.3 MPa in terms of tensile strength; and 2.3 to 3.5 GPa for stiffness. Moreover, the preliminary in vitro bioactivity test of the 3D printed PLA/HAp biocomposite samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) indicated varying weight gains and the presence of apatite species’ XRD peaks. The HAp particles embedded in the PLA matrix acted as nucleation sites for the deposition of salts and apatite species from the SBF solution

scholarly journals Improvement of Interlayer Adhesion and Heat Resistance of Biodegradable Ternary Blend Composite 3D Printing

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Wattanachai Prasong ◽  
Akira Ishigami ◽  
Supaphorn Thumsorn ◽  
Takashi Kurose ◽  
Hiroshi Ito
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Ternary Blend ◽  
Fused Deposition

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments have been the most used in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. The filaments, based on PLA, are continuing to be developed to overcome brittleness, low heat resistance, and obtain superior mechanical performance in 3D printing. From our previous study, the binary blend composites from PLA and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with nano talc (PLA/PBAT/nano talc) at 70/30/10 showed an improvement in toughness and printability in FDM 3D printing. Nevertheless, interlayer adhesion, anisotropic characteristics, and heat resistance have been promoted for further application in FDM 3D printing. In this study, binary and ternary blend composites from PLA/PBAT and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with nano talc were prepared at a ratio of PLA 70 wt. % and blending with PBAT or PBS at 30 wt. % and nano talc at 10 wt. %. The materials were compounded via a twin-screw extruder and applied to the filament using a capillary rheometer. PLA/PBAT/PBS/nano talc blend composites were printed using FDM 3D printing. Thermal analysis, viscosity, interlayer adhesion, mechanical properties, and dimensional accuracy of binary and ternary blend composite 3D prints were investigated. The incorporation of of PBS-enhanced crystallinity of the blend composite 3D prints resulted in an improvement to mechanical properties, heat resistance, and anisotropic characteristics. Flexibility of the blend composites was obtained by presentation of PBAT. It should be noted that the core–shell morphology of the ternary blend influenced the reduction of volume shrinkage, which obtained good surface roughness and dimensional accuracy in the ternary blend composite 3D printing.

Design and verification of enhanced CFRTPCs fabrication technique using fused deposition modeling

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572094191
Author(s):  
Ali Bin Naveed ◽  
Shahid Ikramullah Butt ◽  
Aamir Mubashar ◽  
Fausz Naeem Chaudhry ◽  
Najam ul Qadir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Research Work ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Industrial Level

Research shows that mechanical properties of parts produced using fused deposition modeling (FDM) are inferior when compared to parts produced using conventional techniques such as injection molding. Efforts have been made in recent years to improve mechanical properties by reinforcing the parts with high strength fibers. This has been achieved by either modifying FDM setups to extrude fibers with thermoplastics and fabricate continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPCs) or employing manual techniques subsequent to part production. Existing CFRTPCs fabrication procedures have limitations of fiber exposure to environment, no direct control method for volume fraction, and poor surface finish. This research work is focused on improving the process of producing CFRTPCs by addressing these limitations using a dual extruder FDM setup. The process developed was tested for its feasibility using Kevlar fiber as reinforcement for commercially available ABS, PLA, PLA-C, and PLA-Cu thermoplastic fibers. Taguchi L16 orthogonal array was used to design experiments, while tensile and flexural testing was performed to determine mechanical properties achieved. Tensile strength was improved up to 3 times the baseline value of thermoplastics, while flexural strength was improved up to 1.6 times. This technique can further the goal of developing CFRTPCs, on industrial level, using FDM with better control over volume fraction and fiber layup.

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