scholarly journals Structural Changes and Their Implications in Foamed Flexible Polyurethane Composites Filled with Rapeseed Oil-Treated Ground Tire Rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Burger ◽  
Krzysztof Formela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

The utilization of post-consumer car tires is an essential issue from an ecological and economic point of view. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is their material recycling resulting in ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be further applied as fillers for polymer-based composites. Nevertheless, insufficient interfacial interactions implicate the necessity of GTR modification before introduction into polymer matrices. In this study, we investigated the influence of rapeseed oil-assisted thermo-mechanical treatment of GTR using a reactive extrusion process on the processing, structure, and performance of flexible polyurethane/GTR composite foams. Applied modifications affected the processing of polyurethane systems. They caused a noticeable reduction in the average cell size of foams, which was attributed to the potential nucleating activity of solid particles and changes in surface tension caused by the presence of oil. Such an effect was especially pronounced for the waste rapeseed oil, which resulted in the highest content of closed cells. Structural changes caused by GTR modification implicated the enhancement of foams’ strength. Mechanical performance was significantly affected by the applied modifications due to the changes in glass transition temperature. Moreover, the incorporation of waste GTR particles into the polyurethane matrix noticeably improved its thermal stability.

scholarly journals Ground Tire Rubber Filled Flexible Polyurethane Foam—Effect of Waste Rubber Treatment on Composite Performance

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Burger ◽  
Adam Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

The application range of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams is comprehensive because of their versatility and flexibility in adjusting structure and performance. In addition to the investigations associated with further broadening of their potential properties, researchers are looking for new raw materials, beneficially originated from renewable resources or recycling. A great example of such a material is ground tire rubber (GTR)—the product of the material recycling of post-consumer car tires. To fully exploit the benefits of this material, it should be modified to enhance the interfacial interactions between PU and GTR. In the presented work, GTR particles were thermo-mechanically modified with the addition of fresh and waste rapeseed oil in the reactive extrusion process. The introduction of modified GTR particles into a flexible PU matrix caused a beneficial 17–28% decrease in average cell diameters. Such an effect caused an even 5% drop in thermal conductivity coefficient values, enhancing thermal insulation performance. The application of waste oil resulted in the superior mechanical performance of composites compared to the fresh one and thermo-mechanical modification without oils. The compressive and tensile performance of composites filled with waste oil-modified GTR was almost the same as for the unfilled foam. Moreover, the introduction of ground tire rubber particles enhanced the thermal stability of neat polyurethane foam.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Aleksander Hejna ◽  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Krzysztof Formela
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Polyurethane Composite ◽  
Composite Foams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
The Impact

The use of waste tires is a very critical issue, considering their environmental and economic implications. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is conversion of tires into ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into different polymer matrices as a filler. However, these applications often require proper modifications to provide compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, we examined the impact of GTR oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate on the processing and properties of flexible polyurethane/GTR composite foams. Applied treatments caused oxidation and introduction of hydroxyl groups onto the surface of rubber particles, expressed by the broad range of their hydroxyl numbers. It resulted in noticeable differences in the processing of the polyurethane system and affected the structure of flexible composite foams. Treatment with H2O2 resulted in a 31% rise of apparent density, while the catalytic activity of potassium ions enhanced foaming of system decreased density by 25% and increased the open cell content. Better mechanical performance was noted for H2O2 modifications (even by 100% higher normalized compressive strength), because of the voids in cell walls and incompletely developed structure during polymerization, accelerated by KMnO4 treatment. This paper shows that modification of ground tire rubber is a very promising approach, and when properly performed may be applied to engineer the structure and performance of polyurethane composite foams.

scholarly journals Effect of ground tire rubber on structural, mechanical and thermal properties of flexible polyurethane foams

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Piszczyk ◽  
Aleksander Hejna ◽  
Krzysztof Formela ◽  
Magdalena Danowska ◽  
Michał Strankowski
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

scholarly journals On the Use of Mechano-Chemically Modified Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) as Recycled and Sustainable Filler in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Araujo-Morera ◽  
Reyes Verdugo-Manzanares ◽  
Sergio González ◽  
Raquel Verdejo ◽  
Miguel Angel Lopez-Manchado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Recycled Material

The management of end-of-life tires (ELTs) is one of the main environmental issues that society faces nowadays. Recycling of ELTs appears as one feasible option for tackling the problem, although their incorporation as ground tire rubber (GTR) in other rubber matrices is limited due to poor compatibility. In this research, we report a successful combination of a cryo-grinding process with a chemical treatment for modifying the surface of GTR. Various cryo-grinding protocols were studied until a particle size of 100–150 µm was achieved. Chemical treatments with different acids were also analyzed, resulting in the optimal modification with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Modified GTR was added to a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix. The incorporation of 10 phr of this filler resulted in a composite with improved mechanical performance, with increments of 115% and 761% in tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively. These results validate the use of a recycled material from tire waste as sustainable filler in rubber composites.

Optimization of Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Krzysztof Formela ◽  
Aleksander Hejna
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Composites Manufacturing ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fire Threat

The development of the automotive sector and the increasing number of vehicles all over the world poses multiple threats to the environment. One of them, probably not so emphasized as others, is the enormous amount of post-consumer car tires. Due to the potential fire threat, waste tires are considered as dangerous waste, which should not be landfilled, so it is essential to develop efficient methods of their utilization. One of the possibilities is their shredding and application of resulting ground tire rubber (GTR) as filler for polymer composites, which could take advantage of the excellent mechanical performance of car tires. Nevertheless, due to the poor compatibility with majority of polymer matrices, prior to the application, surface of GTR particles should be modified and activated. In the presented work, the introduction of thermo-mechanically modified GTR into flexible foamed polyurethane matrix was analyzed. Isocyanates can be found among the compounds applied during manufacturing of polyurethane foams, which are able to react and generate covalent bonds with the functional groups present on the surface of modified GTR. Such an effect can noticeably enhance the interfacial interactions and boost up the mechanical performance. Nevertheless, it requires the adjustment of formulations used during manufacturing of foams. Therefore, for better understanding of the process foams with varying isocyanate index (from 0.8 to 1.2) were prepared with and without taking into account the possible interactions with functional groups of GTR. For comparison, an unfilled matrix and composite containing deactivated GTR were also prepared.

scholarly journals Wastes from Agricultural Silage Film Recycling Line as a Potential Polymer Materials

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1383
Author(s):  
Jerzy Korol ◽  
Aleksander Hejna ◽  
Klaudiusz Wypiór ◽  
Krzysztof Mijalski ◽  
Ewelina Chmielnicka
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Crystallinity Degree

The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for potential methods for their utilization. In the presented work, we investigated the recycling potential of wastes originated from the agricultural films recycling line. Their structure and properties were analyzed, and they were modified with 2.5 wt % of commercially available compatibilizers. The mechanical and thermal performance of modified wastes were evaluated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that incorporation of such a small amount of modifiers may overcome the drawbacks caused by the presence of impurities. The incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted compounds enhanced the tensile strength of wastes by 13–25%. The use of more ductile compatibilizers—ethylene-vinyl acetate and paraffin increased the elongation at break by 55–64%. The presence of compatibilizers also reduced the stiffness of materials resulting from the presence of solid particles. It was particularly emphasized for styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, which caused up to a 20% drop of Young’s modulus. Such effects may facilitate the further applications of analyzed wastes, e.g., in polymer film production. Thermal performance was only slightly affected by compatibilization. It caused a slight reduction in polyethylene melting temperatures (up to 2.8 °C) and crystallinity degree (up to 16%). For more contaminated materials, the addition of compatibilizers caused a minor reduction in the decomposition onset (up to 6 °C). At the same time, for the waste after three washing cycles, thermal stability was improved. Moreover, depending on the desired properties and application, materials do not have to go through the whole recycling line, simplifying the process, reducing energy and water consumption. The presented results indicate that it is possible to efficiently use the materials, which do not have to undergo the whole recycling process. Despite the presence of impurities, they could be applied in the manufacturing of products which do not require exceptional mechanical performance.

scholarly journals Ground tire rubber filled low-density polyethylene: The effect of particle size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lóránt Kiss ◽  
Dániel Ábel Simon ◽  
Roland Petrény ◽  
Dávid Kocsis ◽  
Tamás Bárány ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size
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