scholarly journals Liver Transplant Patients with High Preoperative Serum Bilirubin Levels Are at Increased Risk of Postoperative Delirium: A Retrospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1591
Author(s):  
Kyu Hee Park ◽  
Hyo Jung Son ◽  
Yoon Ji Choi ◽  
Gene Hyun Park ◽  
Yoon Sook Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Bilirubin Level ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Postoperative Delirium ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Meld Score ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Preoperative Serum ◽  
Increased Risk

Postoperative delirium is a common complication after liver transplantation (LT). A high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score is an independent risk factor for postoperative delirium, but it is unclear which of the components of this score are risk indicators. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of postoperative delirium according to the preoperative serum bilirubin level, a component of the MELD score, in patients who underwent LT. The medical records of 325 patients who underwent LT from January 2010 to February 2019 at a single university hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: those who experienced postoperative delirium (Delirium group, n = 69) and those who did not (Control group, n = 256). Data on the patients’ demographic characteristics, perioperative management, and postoperative complications were collected. Mean preoperative bilirubin level was higher in the Delirium group than in the Control group (p < 0.0001). In the Delirium group, 54 (78.26%) patients had preoperative bilirubin levels above 3.5 mg/dL. In the multivariate analysis, preoperative bilirubin above 3.5 mg/dL was associated with postoperative delirium (p = 0.002). Therefore, preoperative hyperbilirubinemia is an independent risk factor for postoperative delirium.

scholarly journals Midlife insulin resistance, APOE genotype, and late-life brain amyloid accumulation

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (13) ◽  
pp. e1150-e1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Ekblad ◽  
Jarkko Johansson ◽  
Semi Helin ◽  
Matti Viitanen ◽  
Hanna Laine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Amyloid Accumulation ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo examine whether midlife insulin resistance is an independent risk factor for brain amyloid accumulation in vivo after 15 years, and whether this risk is modulated by APOE ε4 genotype.MethodsThis observational study examined 60 elderly volunteers without dementia (mean age at baseline 55.4 and at follow-up 70.9 years, 55.5% women) from the Finnish population-based, nationwide Health2000 study with [11C]Pittsburgh compound B–PET imaging in 2014–2016. The participants were recruited according to their homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values in the year 2000, and their APOE ε4 genotype. The exposure group (IR+, n = 30) consisted of individuals with HOMA-IR >2.17 at baseline (highest tertile of the Health2000 study population), and the control group (IR−, n = 30) consisted of individuals with HOMA-IR <1.25 at baseline (lowest tertile). The groups were enriched for APOE ε4 carriers, resulting in 50% (n = 15) APOE ε4 carriers in both groups. Analyses were performed with multivariate logistic and linear regression.ResultsAn amyloid-positive PET scan was found in 33.3% of the IR− group and 60.0% of the IR+ group (odds ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.1–8.9, p = 0.04). The increased risk was seen in carriers and noncarriers of APOE ε4 genotype. Higher midlife, but not late-life continuous HOMA-IR was associated with a greater brain amyloid burden at follow-up after multivariate adjustments for other cognitive and metabolic risk factors (β = 0.11, 95% confidence interval 0.002–0.22, p = 0.04).ConclusionsThese results indicate that midlife insulin resistance is an independent risk factor for brain amyloid accumulation in elderly individuals without dementia.

scholarly journals The relationship between leukocyte level and hypertension in elderly patients with hyperuricemia.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijin Shen ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Mingzhen Li ◽  
Bei Sun ◽  
Zhichao Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Serum Uric Acid Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background : This study was to evaluate the change of leukocyte level caused by hyperuricemia and explore the relationship between leukocyte level and hypertension in elderly patients with hyperuricemia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of serum uric acid level was conducted in 1352 elderly people over 65 years old . The study samples were divided into three categories according to the tertiles of leukocyte: Tertile 1, leukocyte≤5.2 × 10 9 /L; Tertile 2, leukocyte=5.3~6.3 × 10 9 /L; and Tertile 3, leukocyte≥6.4 × 10 9 /L. Multiple logistic regression models were used for modeling relationships between leukocyte, hyperuricemia and hypertension. In vitro, human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated by different concentrations of UA (0, 4, 8, 16 mg/dl) for 24 h, then cells were collected. Some cytokines were measured. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed with a fluorescence microscope. Results: The levels of leukocyte were higher in elderly patients with hyperuricemia than without hyperuricemia( P <0.01). In multiple logistic regression, hyperuricemia was an independent risk factor of leukocyte in Tertile 3 (OR=1.657, 95%CI: 1.180～2.328, P =0.004). The prevalences of hypertension were higher in elderly patients with hyperuricemia than without hyperuricemia (77.0% vs 63.5%, χ 2 =11.447, P =0.001). In multiple logistic regression (Model 1), hyperuricemia was an independent risk factor of hypertension (OR=1.536, 95%CI: 1.026～2.302, P =0.037). Leukocyte in Tertile 3 was an independent risk factor of hypertension in Model 2 (OR= 1.333, 95%CI: 1.031~1.724, P =0.028). Expression levels of IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-α were obviously higher in the 8mg/dl UA group and 16mg/dl UA group than that in the control group ( P <0.05). Expression level of eNOS was obviously lower in the 8mg/dl UA group and 16mg/dl UA group than that in the control group ( P <0.05). The production of ROS in the 8mg/dl UA group and in the 16mg/dl UA group were obviously higher than that in the control group ( P <0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that hyperuricemia was associated with an increased risk for hypertension. The chronic inflammation caused by hyperuricemia maybe one of important pathogenesis of incident hypertension in patients with hyperuricemia.

scholarly journals Risk factors for recurrent wheezing after bronchiolitis in infants: 2-year follow up in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sainan Chen ◽  
Wenjing Gu ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
Chuangli Hao ◽  
Canhong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Recurrent Wheezing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tnf Α

Abstract Background: Infants with bronchiolitis have an increased risk of developing recurrent wheezing and asthma. However, the association between bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing remains controversial.Objective: To investigate the incidence of post-bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing and associated risk factors.Methods: Infants with bronchiolitis were enrolled from November 2016 through March 2017. We also enrolled 24 healthy children with no history of wheezing from the department of children's health prevention as a control group. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained for detection of respiratory viruses which were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct immunofluorescent assay. Serum cytokines including TSLP, IL2, IL13, TIMP-1, MMP-9, IL33, IL5, IL4, IL25, TNF- α and MIP-1α were measured by flow cytometry. Patients were followed every 3 months for a duration of 2 years by telephone or at outpatient appointments.Results: We enrolled 89 infants, of which 81 patients were successfully followed up. In total, 22.2% of patients experienced recurrent wheezing episodes. The proportion of patients with eczema, systemic glucocorticoid use and patients with moderate-to-severe disease were significantly higher in the recurrent wheezing group than the non-recurrent wheezing group (83.3% vs 52.4%; 66.7% vs 36.5%; 61.1% vs 33.3%, respectively, all P<0.05); The serum level of TNF‑ α was lower in the recurrent wheezing group (P<0.05), and the serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-25, IL-33 were significantly higher among patients without recurrent wheezing (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that eczema was an independent risk factor for post-bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR]=7.488; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.447–38.759; P=0.016). Conclusion: The incidence of recurrent wheezing among infants after contracting bronchiolitis was 22.2% during a 2-year follow-up. Eczema was the only independent risk factor identified and no correlation was found between the specific virus and disease severity in children with post-bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing.

Association of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 with Arteriovenous Fistula Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yuanhao Wu ◽  
Fan Wang ◽  
Tingting Wang ◽  
Yin Zheng ◽  
Li You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein 4 ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Increased Risk

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most common vascular access for patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) might be a potential mechanism of AVF dysfunction. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of NIH. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AVF dysfunction is associated with serum concentrations of RBP4 in HD subjects. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A cohort of 65 Chinese patients undergoing maintenance HD was recruited between November 2017 and June 2019. The serum concentrations of RBP4 of each patient were measured with the ELISA method. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze data on demographics, biochemical parameters, and serum RBP4 level to predict AVF dysfunction events. The cutoff for serum RBP4 level was derived from the highest score obtained on the Youden index. Survival data were analyzed with the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier method. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Higher serum RBP4 level was observed in patients with AVF dysfunction compared to those without AVF dysfunction events (174.3 vs. 168.4 mg/L, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The prevalence of AVF dysfunction events was greatly higher among the high RBP4 group (37.5 vs. 4.88%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). In univariate analysis, serum RBP4 level was statistically significantly associated with the risk of AVF dysfunction (OR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.002–1.030, <i>p</i> = 0.030). In multivariate analysis, each 1.0 mg/L increase in RBP4 level was associated with a 1.023-fold-increased risk of AVF dysfunction (95% CI for OR: 1.002–1.045; <i>p</i> = 0.032). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the incidence of AVF dysfunction events in the high RBP4 group was significantly higher than that in the low-RBP4 group (<i>p</i> = 0.0007). Multivariate Cox regressions demonstrated that RBP4 was an independent risk factor for AVF dysfunction events in HD patients (HR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.001–1.028, <i>p</i> = 0.033). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> HD patients with higher serum RBP4 concentrations had a relevant higher incidence of arteriovenous dysfunction events. Serum RBP4 level was an independent risk factor for AVF dysfunction events in HD patients.

scholarly journals TSH Levels as an Independent Risk Factor for NAFLD and Liver Fibrosis in the General Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2907
Author(s):  
Alba Martínez-Escudé ◽  
Guillem Pera ◽  
Anna Costa-Garrido ◽  
Lluís Rodríguez ◽  
Ingrid Arteaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tsh Levels

Thyroid hormones may be a risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to liver fibrosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, NAFLD, and liver fibrosis in the general population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in subjects aged 18–75 years randomly selected from primary care centers between 2012 and 2016. Each subject underwent clinical evaluation, physical examination, blood tests and transient elastography. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with NAFLD and fibrosis. We included 2452 subjects (54 ± 12 years; 61% female). Subjects with TSH ≥ 2.5 μIU/mL were significantly associated with obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertransaminasemia and altered cholesterol and triglycerides. The prevalence of NAFLD and liver fibrosis was significantly higher in subjects with TSH ≥ 2.5 (μIU/mL). We found a 1.5 times increased risk of NAFLD, 1.8 and 2.3 times increased risk of liver fibrosis for cut-off points of ≥ 8.0 kPa and ≥ 9.2 kPa, respectively, in subjects with TSH ≥ 2.5 μIU/mL compared with TSH < 2.5 μIU/mL (control group), independent of the presence of MetS. These findings remained significant when stratifying TSH, with values ≥ 10 μIU/mL.

Should the Presence or Extent of Coronary Artery Disease be Quantified in the CHA2DS2-VASc Score in Atrial Fibrillation? A Report from the Western Denmark Heart Registry

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 2162-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamilla Steensig ◽  
Kevin Olesen ◽  
Troels Thim ◽  
Jens Nielsen ◽  
Svend Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Angiography ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

Background Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased risk of ischaemic stroke. The risk can be predicted by the CHA2DS2-VASc score, in which the vascular component refers to previous myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease and aortic plaque, whereas coronary artery disease (CAD) is not included. Objectives This article explores whether CAD per se or extent provides independent prognostic information of future stroke among patients with AF. Materials and Methods Consecutive patients with AF and coronary angiography performed between 2004 and 2012 were included. The endpoint was a composite of ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack and systemic embolism. The risk of ischaemic events was estimated according to the presence and extent of CAD. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated in reference to patients without CAD and adjusted for parameters included in the CHA2DS2-VASc score and treatment with anti-platelet agents and/or oral anticoagulants. Results Of 96,430 patients undergoing coronary angiography, 12,690 had AF. Among patients with AF, 7,533 (59.4%) had CAD. Mean follow-up was 3 years. While presence of CAD was an independent risk factor for the composite endpoint (adjusted IRR, 1.25; 1.06–1.47), extent of CAD defined as 1-, 2-, 3- or diffuse vessel disease did not add additional independent risk information. Conclusion Presence, but not extent, of CAD was an independent risk factor of the composite thromboembolic endpoint beyond the components already included in the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Consequently, we suggest that significant angiographically proven CAD should be included in the vascular disease criterion in the CHA2DS2-VASc score.

scholarly journals Association between serum lipid and ischaemic stroke in a tertiary hospital in Northern Andhra Pradesh, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Tamminana Venugopala Rao ◽  
Budumuru Annaji Rao ◽  
Sreedevi Panchadi ◽  
K. Sudheer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
The Brain

Background: The incidence of cerebrovascular disease increases with age and the number of strokes is projected to increase as the elderly population grows. A stroke occurs when blood vessels that carry blood to the brain suddenly blocked or burst, preventing blood flow to the brain. The most common cause of blood vessel blockages is thrombosis (a blood clot) or an embolism (floating clot). Blood clots may form in the arteries that are damaged by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is an aging process but some factors (risk factor) precipitate it to occur earlier. To find out the risk factors properly are of tremendous importance as risk factor change could directly influence or indirectly affect case fatality by altering the natural history of the disease. Serum lipids are thought to interact with the pathogenesis of stroke through the atherosclerotic mechanism. Objective was to identify the high serum lipid as an independent risk factor of stroke.Methods: This is a hospital-based case-control study. Seventy cases of stroke patients and age, sex-matched 70 healthy control subjects were enrolled by non-random sampling. 12 hours of fasting plasma lipids were estimated in both cases and control subjects. Then it was compared between cases and controls.Results: Hypercholesterolemia was higher in the case group than control but not statistically significant. Mean LDL- cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher in the case group than the control group. The mean value of serum HDL-cholesterol was not significantly lower in the case group than the control group.Conclusions: Serum lipids are significantly higher in ischaemic stroke patients than the control group (LDL cholesterol and triglyceride). So, it may be an independent risk factor of ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Persistent confirmed low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus is a risk factor for progression to high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in a US Veterans cohort

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Y Song ◽  
A J Henn ◽  
A A Gravely ◽  
H Mesa ◽  
S Sultan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Barrett’S Esophagus ◽  
Barrett's Esophagus ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
High Grade Dysplasia ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Grade Dysplasia

SUMMARY Patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) and low-grade dysplasia (LGD) are at increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), although many regress to nondysplastic BE. This has significant clinical importance for patients being considered for endoscopic eradication therapy. Our aim is to determine the risk for progression in patients with confirmed persistent LGD. We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with BE and confirmed LGD between 2006 and 2016. Confirmed LGD was defined as LGD diagnosed by consensus conference with an expert GI pathologist or review by an expert GI pathologist and persistence as LGD present on subsequent endoscopic biopsy. The primary outcome was the incidence rate of HGD (high-grade dysplasia)/EAC. Secondary outcomes included risk factors for dysplastic progression. Risk factors for progression were assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Of 69 patients (mean age 65.2 years) with confirmed LGD were included. In total, 16 of 69 patients (23.2%) with LGD developed HGD/EAC during a median follow-up of 3.74 years (IQR, 1.24–5.45). For persistent confirmed LGD, the rate was 6.44 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.61–13.40) compared to 2.61 cases per 100 patient-years (95% CI, 0.83–6.30) for nonpersistent LGD. Persistent LGD was found in only 29% of patients. Persistent LGD was an independent risk factor for the development of HGD/EAC (OR 4.18; [95% CI, 1.03–17.1]). Persistent confirmed LGD, present in only 1/3 of patients, was an independent risk factor for the development of HGD/EAC. Persistence LGD may be useful in decision making regarding the management of BE.

P6196Lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk: are women at increased risk?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Santos ◽  
A Pereira ◽  
F Mendonca ◽  
J Sousa ◽  
M Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Coronary Stenosis ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Abstract Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, placing a major economic and resource burden on health and public health systems, so efforts are being made to accurately predict risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The field of risk prediction and CAD prevention continues to evolve with the identification of novel risk factors and biomarkers, such as lipoprotein a [Lp)a]. Almost 20% of the population has elevated circulating levels of Lp(a), which is recognized as an independent risk factor for CAD, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic stenosis. Importantly, studies showed that this was particularly true for women. Objective To evaluate if the elevation of Lp(a) is associated with MACE in female, male or both. Materials and methods Case control study of 3050 subjects from the GENEMACOR study population. In female population (n=676): cases were 341 patients with at least one >75% coronary stenosis (median age 55.7±7.2) and 335 normal controls (median age 55.8±6) adjusted by age with cases. In male population (n=2374): 1278 patients with at least one >75% coronary stenosis (median age 52.7±8) and 1096 controls (median age 51.9±8) also adjusted by age. χ2 and T student tests were used to analyze the demographic, laboratorial, angiographic and anthropometric characteristics of the population. Lipoprotein (a) was determined by immunoturbidimetry. High Lp(a) level was considered if superior to 30 mg/dl. Logistic regression was used to evaluate Lp(a) as a risk factor for CAD in total, female and male populations. Results In female population 44.0% patients vs 21.2% controls (p<0.000) had Lp(a)>30mg/dl. In male population 39.4% patients vs 23.8% controls (p<0.000) had Lp(a)>30mg/dl. In total population Lp(a)>30mg/dl was a predictor for CAD (OR 2.24, 95% CI: 1.91–2.62, p<0.0001). Analyzing by gender, Lp(a)>30mg/dl was also a predictor for CAD either in male (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.74–2.5, p<0.0001) or female population (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 2.08–4.09, p<0.0001). Conclusions As opposed to other studies, in our population elevated Lp(a) levels (>30mg/dl) were associated with elevated CAD risk, in both men and women. We conclude that Lp(a) can be considered an independent risk factor for CAD disease in our population, and further strategies for Lp(a) reduction may indeed translate in improved outcomes in CAD disease.

scholarly journals Risk factors for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia: a case–control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sato ◽  
Kengo Murata ◽  
Miake Yamamoto ◽  
Tsukasa Ishiwata ◽  
Miyako Kitazono-Saitoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tracheobronchial Stenosis ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractThe bronchoscopy, though usually safe, is occasionally associated with complications, such as pneumonia. However, the use of prophylactic antibiotics is not recommended by the guidelines of the British Thoracic Society. Thus far there are few reports of the risk factors for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia; the purpose of this study was to evaluate these risk factors. We retrospectively collected data on patients in whom post-bronchoscopy pneumonia developed from the medical records of 2,265 patients who received 2666 diagnostic bronchoscopies at our institution between April 2006 and November 2011. Twice as many patients were enrolled in the control group as in the pneumonia group. The patients were matched for age and sex. In total, 37 patients (1.4%) had post-bronchoscopy pneumonia. Univariate analysis showed that a significantly larger proportion of patients in the pneumonia group had tracheobronchial stenosis (75.7% vs 18.9%, p < 0.01) and a final diagnosis of primary lung cancer (75.7% vs 43.2%, p < 0.01) than in the control group. The pneumonia group tended to have more patients with a history of smoking (83.8% vs 67.1%, p = 0.06) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (4.3% vs 14.9%, p = 0.14) than the control group. In multivariate analysis, we found that tracheobronchial stenosis remained an independent risk factor for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia (odds ratio: 7.8, 95%CI: 2.5–24.2). In conclusion, tracheobronchial stenosis was identified as an independent risk factor for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia by multivariate analysis in this age- and sex- matched case control study.

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