scholarly journals Can an Observational Gait Scale Produce a Result Consistent with Symmetry Indexes Obtained from 3-Dimensional Gait Analysis?: A Concurrent Validity Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Guzik ◽  
Mariusz Drużbicki ◽  
Lidia Perenc ◽  
Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Observational Tool ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Analysis System

To investigate whether a simple observational tool may be a substitute to the time-consuming and costly 3-dimensional (3D) analysis, the study applied the Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS), enabling assessment which is highly consistent with 3D gait parameters in patients after a stroke. The aim of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, observational information obtained from WGS-based assessment can be applied to predict results of 3D gait analysis for selected symmetry indicators related to spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters. Fifty patients at a chronic stage of recovery post-stroke were enrolled in the study. The spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters were measured using a movement analysis system. The symmetry index (SI), was calculated for selected gait parameters. The patients’ gait was evaluated by means of the WGS. It was shown that stance % SI, as well as hip and knee flexion-extension range of motion SI can most effectively be substituted by WGS-based estimations (coefficient of determination exceeding 80%). It was shown that information acquired based on the WGS can be used to obtain results comparable to those achieved in 3D assessment for selected SIs of spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters. The study confirms that observation of gait using the WGS, which is an ordinal scale, is consistent with the selected aims of 3D assessment. Therefore, the scale can be used as a complementary tool in gait assessment.

scholarly journals Can an observational gait scale produce a result consistent with 3-dimensional gait analysis?: a prospective observational study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Guzik ◽  
Mariusz Drużbicki ◽  
Lidia Perenc ◽  
Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Observational Tool ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Flexion Extension

Abstract Background: To investigate whether a simple observational tool may be a substitute to the time-consuming and costly 3-dimensional (3D) analysis, the study applied the Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS), enabling assessment which is highly consistent with 3D gait parameters in individuals after stroke. The aim of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, observational information obtained from WGS-based assessment can be applied to predict results of 3D gait analysis for selected symmetry indicators related to spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters. Methods: Fifty individuals at a chronic stage of recovery post-stroke were enrolled in the study. The spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters were measured using a movement analysis system. The Symmetry Index (SI), was calculated for selected gait parameters. The study participants’ gait was evaluated by means of the WGS. The regression analysis was applied to investigate whether a simple observational tool may be a substitute to the time-consuming and costly 3D analysis. Results: It was shown that 3D SI, related to Stance Time [s], Stance %, Hip and Knee Flexion-Extension Range of Motion may be described with fairly high accuracy using item questions of the WGS (0.7≤|R|<0.9; 0.9≤|R|<1). This initial finding provided a rationale for the assumption that a combination of selected WGS items may enable even more accurate estimation of SI for 3D parameters. It was shown that Stance % SI, Hip and Knee Flexion-Extension Range of Motion SI can most effectively be substituted by WGS-based estimations – coefficient of determination exceeding 80%. Conclusions: It was shown that information acquired based on the WGS can be used to obtain results comparable to those achieved in 3D assessment for selected SIs of spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters. The study confirms that observation of gait using the WGS, which is an ordinal scale, is consistent with the main aims of 3D assessment, therefore the scale can be recommended as a substitute tool in gait assessment. Trial registration: ANZCTR, ACTRN12617000436370. Registered 24 March 2017, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372248.

scholarly journals Assessing the concurrent validity of a gait analysis system integrated into a smart walker in older adults with gait impairments

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1682-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Werner ◽  
Georgia Chalvatzaki ◽  
Xanthi S Papageorgiou ◽  
Costas S Tzafestas ◽  
Jürgen M Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Absolute Agreement ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Smart Walker ◽  
Gait Impairments

Objective: To assess the concurrent validity of a smart walker–integrated gait analysis system with the GAITRite® system for measuring spatiotemporal gait parameters in potential users of the smart walker. Design: Criterion standard validation study. Setting: Research laboratory in a geriatric hospital. Participants: Twenty-five older adults (⩾65 years) with gait impairments (habitual rollator use and/or gait speed <0.6 m/s) and no severe cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination ⩾17). Main measures: Stride, swing and stance time; stride length; and gait speed were simultaneously recorded using the smart walker–integrated gait analysis system and the GAITRite system while participants walked along a 7.8-m walkway with the smart walker. Concurrent criterion-related validity was assessed using the Bland–Altman method, percentage errors (acceptable if <30%), and intraclass correlation coefficients for consistency (ICC3,1) and absolute agreement (ICC2,1). Results: Bias for stride, swing and stance time ranged from −0.04 to 0.04 seconds, with acceptable percentage errors (8.7%–23.0%). Stride length and gait speed showed higher bias (meanbias (SD) = 0.20 (0.11) m; 0.19 (0.13) m/s) and not acceptable percentage errors (31.3%–42.3%). Limits of agreement were considerably narrower for temporal than for spatial-related gait parameters. All gait parameters showed good-to-excellent consistency (ICC3,1 = 0.72–0.97). Absolute agreement was good-to-excellent for temporal (ICC2,1 = 0.72–0.97) but only poor-to-fair for spatial-related gait parameters (ICC2,1 = 0.37–0.52). Conclusion: The smart walker–integrated gait analysis system has good concurrent validity with the GAITRite system for measuring temporal but not spatial-related gait parameters in potential end-users of the smart walker. Stride length and gait speed can be measured with good consistency, but with only limited absolute accuracy.

Reliability and Accuracy in Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis: A Comparison of Two Lower Body Protocols

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Stief ◽  
Harald Böhm ◽  
Katja Michel ◽  
Ansgar Schwirtz ◽  
Leonhard Döderlein
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Landmark Identification ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Flexion Extension

The standard Plug-in-Gait (PiG) protocol used in three-dimensional gait analysis is prone to errors arising from inconsistent anatomical landmark identification and knee axis malalignment. The purpose of this study was to estimate the reliability and accuracy of a custom made lower body protocol (MA) compared with the PiG protocol. Twenty-fve subjects volunteered to evaluate the intertrial reliability. In addition, intersession reliability was examined in 10 participants. An indirect indicator of accuracy according to the knee varus/valgus and flexion/extension range of motion (ROM) was used. Regarding frontal plane knee angles and moments as well as transverse plane motions in the knee and hip joint, the intersession errors were lower for the MA compared with the standard approach. In reference to the knee joint angle cross-talk, the MA produced 4.7° more knee flexion/extension ROM and resulted in 6.5° less knee varus/valgus ROM in the frontal plane. Therefore, the MA tested in this study produced a more accurate and reliable knee joint axis compared with the PiG protocol. These results are especially important for measuring frontal and transverse plane gait parameters.

scholarly journals Quantitative gait analysis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus using deep learning algorithms on monocular videos

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungmoon Jeong ◽  
Hosang Yu ◽  
Jaechan Park ◽  
Kyunghun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Gait Variability ◽  
Stride Time ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Analysis System

AbstractA vision-based gait analysis method using monocular videos was proposed to estimate temporo-spatial gait parameters by leveraging deep learning algorithms. This study aimed to validate vision-based gait analysis using GAITRite as the reference system and analyze relationships between Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) scores and gait variability measured by vision-based gait analysis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) patients. Gait data from 46 patients were simultaneously collected from the vision-based system utilizing deep learning algorithms and the GAITRite system. There was a strong correlation in 11 gait parameters between our vision-based gait analysis method and the GAITRite gait analysis system. Our results also demonstrated excellent agreement between the two measurement systems for all parameters except stride time variability after the cerebrospinal fluid tap test. Our data showed that stride time and stride length variability measured by the vision-based gait analysis system were correlated with FAB scores. Vision-based gait analysis utilizing deep learning algorithms can provide comparable data to GAITRite when assessing gait dysfunction in INPH. Frontal lobe functions may be associated with gait variability measurements using vision-based gait analysis for INPH patients.

scholarly journals Development of a Robust, Simple, and Affordable Human Gait Analysis System Using Bottom-Up Pose Estimation With a Smartphone Camera

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Viswakumar ◽  
Venkateswaran Rajagopalan ◽  
Tathagata Ray ◽  
Pranitha Gottipati ◽  
Chandu Parimi
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Ms Kinect

Gait analysis is used in many fields such as Medical Diagnostics, Osteopathic medicine, Comparative and Sports-related biomechanics, etc. The most commonly used system for capturing gait is the advanced video camera-based passive marker system such as VICON. However, such systems are expensive, and reflective markers on subjects can be intrusive and time-consuming. Moreover, the setup of markers for certain rehabilitation patients, such as people with stroke or spinal cord injuries, could be difficult. Recently, some markerless systems were introduced to overcome the challenges of marker-based systems. However, current markerless systems have low accuracy and pose other challenges in gait analysis with people in long clothing, hiding the gait kinematics. The present work attempts to make an affordable, easy-to-use, accurate gait analysis system while addressing all the mentioned issues. The system in this study uses images from a video taken with a smartphone camera (800 × 600 pixels at an average rate of 30 frames per second). The system uses OpenPose, a 2D real-time multi-person keypoint detection technique. The system learns to associate body parts with individuals in the image using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This bottom-up system achieves high accuracy and real-time performance, regardless of the number of people in the image. The proposed system is called the “OpenPose based Markerless Gait Analysis System” (OMGait). Ankle, knee, and hip flexion/extension angle values were measured using OMGait in 16 healthy volunteers under different lighting and clothing conditions. The measured kinematic values were compared with a standard video camera based normative dataset and data from a markerless MS Kinect system. The mean absolute error value of the joint angles from the proposed system was less than 90 for different lighting conditions and less than 110 for different clothing conditions compared to the normative dataset. The proposed system is adequate in measuring the kinematic values of the ankle, knee, and hip. It also performs better than the markerless systems like MS Kinect that fail to measure the kinematics of ankle, knee, and hip joints under dark and bright light conditions and in subjects with long robe clothing.

scholarly journals Test-Retest, Inter-Rater and Intra-Rater Reliability for Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Using SANE (an eaSy gAit aNalysis systEm) as Measuring Instrument

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5781
Author(s):  
Betsy D. M. Chaparro-Rico ◽  
Daniele Cafolla
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Smallest Detectable Change ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Analysis System

Studies have demonstrated the validity of Kinect-based systems to measure spatiotemporal parameters of gait. However, few studies have addressed test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability for spatiotemporal gait parameters. This study aims to assess test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of SANE (eaSy gAit aNalysis system) as a measuring instrument for spatiotemporal gait parameters. SANE comprises a depth sensor and a software that automatically estimates spatiotemporal gait parameters using distances between ankles without the need to manually indicate where each gait cycle begins and ends. Gait analysis was conducted by 2 evaluators for 12 healthy subjects during 4 sessions. The reliability was evaluated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). In addition, the Standard Error of the Measurement (SEM), and Smallest Detectable Change (SDC) was calculated. SANE showed from an acceptable to an excellent test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability; test-retest reliability ranged from 0.62 to 0.81, inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 and intra-rater ranged from 0.74 to 0.92. The subject behavior had a greater effect on the reliability of SANE than the evaluator performance. The reliability values of SANE were comparable with other similar studies. SANE, as a feasible and markerless system, has large potential for assessing spatiotemporal gait parameters.

scholarly journals Validation of a Sensor-Based Gait Analysis System with a Gold-Standard Motion Capture System in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7680
Author(s):  
Verena Jakob ◽  
Arne Küderle ◽  
Felix Kluge ◽  
Jochen Klucken ◽  
Bjoern M. Eskofier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Motion Capture System ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Analysis System

Digital technologies provide the opportunity to analyze gait patterns in patients with Parkinson’s Disease using wearable sensors in clinical settings and a home environment. Confirming the technical validity of inertial sensors with a 3D motion capture system is a necessary step for the clinical application of sensor-based gait analysis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare gait parameters measured by a mobile sensor-based gait analysis system and a motion capture system as the gold standard. Gait parameters of 37 patients were compared between both systems after performing a standardized 5 × 10 m walking test by reliability analysis using intra-class correlation and Bland–Altman plots. Additionally, gait parameters of an age-matched healthy control group (n = 14) were compared to the Parkinson cohort. Gait parameters representing bradykinesia and short steps showed excellent reliability (ICC > 0.96). Shuffling gait parameters reached ICC > 0.82. In a stridewise synchronization, no differences were observed for gait speed, stride length, stride time, relative stance and swing time (p > 0.05). In contrast, heel strike, toe off and toe clearance significantly differed between both systems (p < 0.01). Both gait analysis systems distinguish Parkinson patients from controls. Our results indicate that wearable sensors generate valid gait parameters compared to the motion capture system and can consequently be used for clinically relevant gait recordings in flexible environments.

scholarly journals Towards Wearable-Inertial-Sensor-Based Gait Posture Evaluation for Subjects with Unbalanced Gaits

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEN QIU ◽  
Huihui Wang ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Hongyu Zhao ◽  
Zhelong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Analysis System

Human gait reflects health condition and is widely adopted as a diagnostic basisin clinical practice. This research adopts compact inertial sensor nodes to monitor the functionof human lower limbs, which implies the most fundamental locomotion ability. The proposedwearable gait analysis system captures limb motion and reconstructs 3D models with high accuracy.It can output the kinematic parameters of joint flexion and extension, as well as the displacementdata of human limbs. The experimental results provide strong support for quick access to accuratehuman gait data. This paper aims to provide a clue for how to learn more about gait postureand how wearable gait analysis can enhance clinical outcomes. With an ever-expanding gait database,it is possible to help physiotherapists to quickly discover the causes of abnormal gaits, sports injuryrisks, and chronic pain, and provides guidance for arranging personalized rehabilitation programsfor patients. The proposed framework may eventually become a useful tool for continually monitoringspatio-temporal gait parameters and decision-making in an ambulatory environment.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Validation of a Wearable Foot Sensor System for Estimating Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters by Simultaneous Three-Dimensional Optical Motion Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Homan ◽  
Keizo Yamamoto ◽  
Ken Kadoya ◽  
Naoki Ishida ◽  
Norimasa Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Background Use of a wearable gait analysis system (WGAS) is becoming common when conducting gait analysis studies due to its versatility. At the same time, its versatility raises a concern about its accuracy, because its calculations rely on assumptions embedded in its algorithms. The purpose of the present study was to validate all spatiotemporal gait parameters calculated by the WGAS by comparison with simultaneous measurements taken with an optical motion capture system (OMCS). Methods Ten young healthy volunteers wore two inertial sensors of the commercially available WGAS, Physilog®, on their feet and 23 markers for the OMCS on the lower part of the body. The participants performed at least three sets of 10-m walk tests at their self-paced speed in the laboratory equipped with 12 high-speed digital cameras with embedded force plates. To measure repeatability, all participants returned for a second day of testing within two weeks. Results All gait parameters calculated by the WGAS had a significant correlation with the ones determined by the OMCS. Bland and Altman analysis showed that the between-device agreement for all gait parameters was within clinically acceptable limits. The validity of the gait parameters generated by the WGAS was found to be excellent except for two parameters, swing width and maximal heel clearance. The repeatability of the WGAS was excellent when measured between sessions. Conclusion The present study showed that spatiotemporal gait parameters estimated by the WGAS were reasonably accurate and repeatable in healthy young adults, providing a scientific basis for applying this system to clinical studies.

Immediate Effects of Silicone Insoles on Gait Pattern in Patients with Flexible Flatfoot

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1053-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Geler Kulcu ◽  
Gunes Yavuzer ◽  
Sercan Sarmer ◽  
Sureyya Ergin
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Flexible Flatfoot ◽  
Analysis System

Background: Flatfoot in which a normal arch fails to develop is a common deformity in both children and adults. A frequently-used treatment is an over-the-counter insole to normalize foot mechanics and relieve pain. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of over-the-counter silicone insoles on the gait patterns of patients with flexible flatfoot. Methods: Thirty-four adults (24 women and nine men, average age 43.7 ± 9.7 years) with bilateral symptomatic flatfoot deformities were included in the study. Flatfoot was diagnosed by a lateral talometatarsal angle of more than 4 degrees and a talocalcaneal angle of more than 30 degrees. Three-dimensional gait analysis and video recordings were done at a single session. All patients walked at self-selected speeds over a 10-meter walkway with and without insoles. Time-distance parameters and kinematic and kinetic characteristics of gait in the sagittal plane were evaluated by a quantitative gait analysis system. Results: Mean lateral talometatarsal and talocalcaneal angles were 6.3 ± 2.5 degrees and 56.1 ± 8.6 degrees, respectively. There was no difference in gait parameters with or without the insoles. Conclusions: Over-the-counter insoles have no beneficial effect in normalizing forces acting on the foot and on the entire lower extremity in adults with flexible flatfoot.

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