scholarly journals Acute Alcohol Effects on Response Inhibition Depend on Response Automatization, but not on GABA or Glutamate Levels in the ACC and Striatum

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Wiebke Bensmann ◽  
Nicolas Zink ◽  
Annett Werner ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Stock
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Theta Band ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Glutamatergic Signaling ◽  
Alcohol Effects ◽  
Response Task ◽  
And Control

Alcohol increases GABAergic signaling and decreases glutamatergic signaling in the brain. Variations in these neurotransmitter levels may modulate/predict executive functioning. Matching this, strong impairments of response inhibition are one of the most consistently reported cognitive/behavioral effects of acute alcohol intoxication. However, it has never been investigated whether baseline differences in these neurotransmitters allow to predict how much alcohol intoxication impairs response inhibition, and whether this is reflected in neurophysiological measures of cognitive control. We used MR spectroscopy to assess baseline (i.e., sober) GABA and glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and striatum in n = 30 healthy young males, who were subsequently tested once sober and once intoxicated (1.01 permille). Inhibition was assessed with the sustained attention to response task (SART). This paradigm also allows to examine the effect of different degrees of response automatization, which is a known modulator for response inhibition, but does not seem to be substantially impaired during acute intoxication. As a neurophysiological correlate of response inhibition and control, we quantified EEG-derived theta band power and located its source using beamforming analyses. We found that alcohol-induced response inhibition deficits only occurred in the case of response automatization. This was reflected by decreased theta band activity in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), which may reflect modulations in the encoding of a surprise signal in response to inhibition cues. However, we did not find that differences in baseline (i.e., sober) GABA or glutamate levels significantly modulated differences in the size of alcohol-induced inhibition deficits.

scholarly journals Trait impulsivity and response-inhibition in Parkinson Disease. An fMRI study.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Palermo ◽  
Rosalba Morese ◽  
Mario Stanziano ◽  
Maurizio Zibetti ◽  
Alberto Romagnolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Inhibition Performance ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Dopamine agonists and levodopa have been implicated in impulse-control disorder (ICD) development since they can induce alterations in the frontostriatal network that manage reward and mediate impulse monitoring and control. The aim the study was to explore the response-inhibition performance and the neural correlates of inhibition in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients that varied on self-reported trait impulsivity. Methods: Ten cognitively non-impaired patients with PD were recruited. They underwent a neurological evaluation, a neuropsychological assessment and questionnaires on behavioral mood changes. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BISS-11) provided an integrated measure of trait impulsivity. During an fMRI acquisition, each subject was asked to perform a GO-NOGO task. Associations between BOLD response of the whole brain during the response-inhibition task and trait impulsivity were investigated. Results: Patients with greater scores on BIS-11 had greater activation of the bilateral presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), bilateral anterior insula, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right temporal parietal junction (TPJ) during response-inhibition. Moreover, a significant association between higher impulsivity scores and worse performance was present (p= 0.038). Conclusions: Our results suggest that deficit in inhibitory processes may affect everyday life, causing impulsive conduct, which is generally detrimental for PD patients. The strong association between BIS-11 scores, MPFC, pre-SMA and TPJ suggests that greater engagement of that network was needed to maintain behavioral inhibition in more impulsive PD patients. Indeed, neuroimaging of brain activity during GO-NOGO task may be useful in characterizing the clinical profile while evaluating the treatment options.

scholarly journals Cocaine Rituals in Club Culture: Intensifying and Controlling Alcohol Intoxication

2021 ◽  
pp. 002204262098651
Author(s):  
Marit Edland-Gryt
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Young People ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Interaction Rituals ◽  
Collective Effervescence ◽  
Drinking Culture ◽  
Cocaine Users ◽  
And Control

Clubbing is an important part of the nighttime economy, and cocaine use is, for some young people, an essential part of this clubbing culture. However, the interaction rituals around the use of powder cocaine in this context remain understudied. This study is based on qualitative interviews with young adult recreational cocaine users ( n = 28) and explores how they use cocaine in club settings, in relation to rituals and drinking culture. The analysis identified three main explanations for using cocaine: (a) unity with friends because of shared transgression, (b) the high as a “collective effervescence,” and (c) the possibility to control, extend, and intensify drinking to intoxication. These three explanations illustrate how cocaine rituals were deeply integrated in drinking-to-intoxication rituals, and how the illegality of cocaine use reinforced feelings of unity with friends. In the nighttime economy, cocaine use and its related rituals are used to intensify and control alcohol-fuelled partying.

scholarly journals 808 Tertiary lymphoid structure gene signature detected in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated renal immune related adverse event

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A845-A845
Author(s):  
Jamie Lin ◽  
Amanda Tchakarov ◽  
Noha Abdel-Wahab ◽  
Houssein Safa ◽  
Salah-Eddine Bentebibel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Kidney Biopsy ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Acute Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
And Control

BackgroundTertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) have been previously associated with ICI induced response in patients with cancer, but a commensurate observation has not been made in ICI associated immune related adverse events (irAEs). Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is the predominant lesion reported in patients with renal irAEs, but various etiologies can also trigger the development of AIN including non-ICI drugs (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, etc.), and it is unknown whether these mechanisms are similar. With increasing indications for ICIs in cancer therapy, there is a critical need to define immune pathways driving the emergence of irAEs. To address this critical knowledge gap, we performed gene expression profiling on ICI-AIN, drug-AIN, and control (non-AIN) kidney biopsy specimens.MethodsTotal RNA extracted from ICI-AIN (n = 6), drug-AIN (n = 4), and control (n = 4) fixed formalin paraffin embedded archival kidney biopsy samples was analyzed by Nanostring nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel using NanoString nCounter FLEX Analysis System.ResultsThree comparisons were conducted: ICI-AIN vs control, drug-AIN vs control, and ICI-AIN vs drug-AIN. A total of 147 genes were differentially expressed in ICI-AIN vs control and the most differentially expressed genes were CXCL 9, 10, and 11. Similarly, cell marker gene expression signatures (GES) revealed significant upregulation of T and B cell markers in ICI-AIN vs control (P < 0.01) and ICI-AIN vs drug-AIN (T cell P < 0.05; B cell P < 0.01). Differences in T and B cell score were not detected in drug-AIN vs control. Since irAEs have been associated with anti-tumor efficacy, we investigated whether a TLS signature could be detected in ICI-AIN using a four GES (CD79A, MS4A1, LAMP3 and POU2AF1). The ICI-AIN group had significantly higher TLS score compared to both control and drug-AIN groups. Since several TLS signatures have been reported, we also calculated a 12-chemokine TLS GES which was also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Th1 and Th17 cells have been associated with the formation of TLS, differential upregulation of Th1 associated genes but not Th17 associated genes were detected. Furthermore, differential expression IFN-y and TNF signature was also observed in ICI-AIN group.ConclusionsThis study is the first to demonstrate the presence of TLS immune signature in irAEs. Further investigations into the prognostic significance and strategies to uncouple ICI-associated anti-tumor benefits from ICI-induced irAEs should be explored.Ethics ApprovalThe study was approved by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center intuition's Ethics Board, approval number PA16-1016

scholarly journals Sensory perception in autism: an fMRI ALE meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazia Jassim ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen ◽  
John Suckling
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lateral Occipital Cortex

Sensory sensitivities occur in up to 90% of autistic individuals. With the recent inclusion of sensory symptoms in the diagnostic criteria for autism, there is a current need to develop neural hypotheses related to autistic sensory perception. Using activation likelihood estimation (ALE), we meta-analysed 52 task-based fMRI studies investigating differences between autistic (n=891) and control (n=967) participants during non-social sensory perception. During complex perception, autistic groups showed more activity in the secondary somatosensory and occipital cortices, insula, caudate, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule, while control groups showed more activity in the frontal and parietal regions. During basic sensory processing, autistic groups showed hyperactivity in the lateral occipital cortex, primary somatosensory and motor cortices, insula, caudate, and thalamus, while controls showed heightened activity in the precentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, precuneus, and anterior cingulate cortex. We conclude that autistic individuals, on average, show distinct engagement of sensory-related brain networks during sensory perception. These findings may help guide future research to focus on relevant neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the autistic experience.

Effects of adults on survival and recruitment of Peromyscus leucopus

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523
Author(s):  
Gregory H. Adler ◽  
Mark L. Wilson ◽  
Michael J. DeRosa
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Peromyscus Leucopus ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Control Grid ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
And Control

A population of Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) in northeastern Massachusetts was manipulated for 3 years to determine the effects of adults on survival and recruitment. Two experimental grids were established, from which either all adult males or all adult females were removed continually. The effects of these two manipulations were compared with demography on a control grid. Manipulations had no apparent effect on breeding intensity of young, survival rates of adults, or residency rates of adults and young. Recruitment of adult males was higher on the adult male removal grid than on the control grid. Recruitment rates of adult males and of young males and young females were lower on the adult female removal grid than on the control grid. Survival rates of young males were higher on the adult female removal grid than on the control grid; this effect may have been due to either reduced adult female residency or adult male recruitment. All differences between experimental and control grids were noted only during breeding seasons. Adult males apparently limited recruitment of adult consexuals. The effects of manipulations on other measured parameters were inconclusive because of high immigration rates of adult males onto the adult male removal grid and reduced recruitment of adult males and decreased production of young on the adult female removal grid.

scholarly journals Alcohol Hangover Slightly Impairs Response Selection but not Response Inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Opitz ◽  
Jan Hubert ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Stock
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Alcohol Hangover

Alcohol hangover commonly occurs after an episode of heavy drinking. It has previously been demonstrated that acute high-dose alcohol intoxication reduces cognitive control, while automatic processes remain comparatively unaffected. However, it has remained unclear whether alcohol hangover, as a consequence of binge drinking, modulates the interplay between cognitive control and automaticity in a comparable way. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol hangover on controlled versus automatic response selection and inhibition. N = 34 healthy young men completed a Simon Nogo task, once sober and once hungover. Hangover symptoms were experimentally induced by a standardized administration of alcoholic drinks (with high congener content) on the night before the hangover appointment. We found no significant hangover effects, which suggests that alcohol hangover did not produce the same functional deficits as an acute high-dose intoxication. Yet still, add-on Bayesian analyses revealed that hangover slightly impaired response selection, but not response inhibition. This pattern of effects cannot be explained with the current knowledge on how ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may modulate response selection and inhibition via the dopaminergic or GABAergic system.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Benefit of Predictive Cueing on Response Inhibition in Stimulant Dependent Individuals

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Leland ◽  
Estibaliz Arce ◽  
Daniel A. Miller ◽  
Martin P. Paulus
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate

Surprise, value and control in anterior cingulate cortex during speeded decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Vassena ◽  
James Deraeve ◽  
William H. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
And Control

Neurofunctional Effects of Cannabis on Response Inhibition

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Borgwardt ◽  
P. Allen ◽  
S. Bhattacharyya ◽  
P. Fusar-Poli ◽  
J.A. Crippa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Mediate Response ◽  
The Right

Background:This study examined the effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on brain activation during a motor inhibition task.Methods:Functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural measures were recorded while 15 healthy volunteers performed a Go/No-Go task following administration of either THC or CBD or placebo in a double-blind, pseudo-randomized, placebo-controlled repeated measures within-subject design.Results:Relative to placebo, THC attenuated activation in the right inferior frontal and the anterior cingulate gyrus. In contrast, CBD deactivated the left temporal cortex and insula. These effects were not related to changes in anxiety, intoxication, sedation, and psychotic symptoms.Conclusions:These data suggest that THC attenuates the engagement of brain regions that mediate response inhibition. CBD modulated function in regions not usually implicated in response inhibition.

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