scholarly journals Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee ◽  
Byun ◽  
Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Pathogenic Process

Acne is a highly prevalent inflammatory skin condition involving sebaceous sties. Although it clearly develops from an interplay of multiple factors, the exact cause of acne remains elusive. It is increasingly believed that the interaction between skin microbes and host immunity plays an important role in this disease, with perturbed microbial composition and activity found in acne patients. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes; formerly called Propionibacterium acnes) is commonly found in sebum-rich areas and its over-proliferation has long been thought to contribute to the disease. However, information provided by advanced metagenomic sequencing has indicated that the cutaneous microbiota in acne patients and acne-free individuals differ at the virulent-specific lineage level. Acne also has close connections with the gastrointestinal tract, and many argue that the gut microbiota could be involved in the pathogenic process of acne. The emotions of stress (e.g., depression and anxiety), for instance, have been hypothesized to aggravate acne by altering the gut microbiota and increasing intestinal permeability, potentially contributing to skin inflammation. Over the years, an expanding body of research has highlighted the presence of a gut–brain–skin axis that connects gut microbes, oral probiotics, and diet, currently an area of intense scrutiny, to acne severity. This review concentrates on the skin and gut microbes in acne, the role that the gut–brain–skin axis plays in the immunobiology of acne, and newly emerging microbiome-based therapies that can be applied to treat acne.

scholarly journals Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyue Li ◽  
Georgios Kararigas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

There has been a recent, unprecedented interest in the role of gut microbiota in host health and disease. Technological advances have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the gut microbiome. Increasing evidence has indicated a strong link between gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the present article, we discuss the contribution of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CVD. We further discuss how the gut microbiome may differ between the sexes and how it may be influenced by sex hormones. We put forward that regulation of microbial composition and function by sex might lead to sex-biased disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sex differences in CVD. A better understanding of this could identify novel targets, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for men and women.

scholarly journals Identification of gut microbiome markers for schizophrenia delineates a potential role of Streptococcus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Yanmei Ju ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Ruijin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Validation Cohort ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Discovery Cohort ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Microbial Biomarkers

AbstractEmerging evidence has linked the gut microbiota to schizophrenia. However, the functional changes in the gut microbiota and the biological role of individual bacterial species in schizophrenia have not been explored systematically. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota in schizophrenia using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of feces from a discovery cohort of 90 drug-free patients and 81 controls, as well as a validation cohort of 45 patients taking antipsychotics and 45 controls. We screened 83 schizophrenia-associated bacterial species and constructed a classifier comprising 26 microbial biomarkers that distinguished patients from controls with a 0.896 area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) in the discovery cohort and 0.765 AUC in the validation cohort. Our analysis of fecal metagenomes revealed that schizophrenia-associated gut–brain modules included short-chain fatty acids synthesis, tryptophan metabolism, and synthesis/degradation of neurotransmitters including glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and nitric oxide. The schizophrenia-enriched gut bacterial species include several oral cavity-resident microbes, such as Streptococcus vestibularis. We transplanted Streptococcus vestibularis into the gut of the mice with antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion to explore its functional role. We observed that this microbe transiently inhabited the mouse gut and this was followed by hyperactivity and deficit in social behaviors, accompanied with altered neurotransmitter levels in peripheral tissues. In conclusion, our study identified 26 schizophrenia-associated bacterial species representing potential microbial targets for future treatment, as well as gut–brain modules, some of which may give rise to new microbial metabolites involved in the development of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals gutMGene: a comprehensive database for target genes of gut microbes and microbial metabolites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Cheng ◽  
Changlu Qi ◽  
Haixiu Yang ◽  
Minke Lu ◽  
Yiting Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract gutMGene (http://bio-annotation.cn/gutmgene), a manually curated database, aims at providing a comprehensive resource of target genes of gut microbes and microbial metabolites in humans and mice. Metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples has identified 3.3 × 106 non-redundant microbial genes from up to 1500 different species. One of the contributions of gut microbiota to host biology is the circulating pool of bacterially derived small-molecule metabolites. It has been estimated that 10% of metabolites found in mammalian blood are derived from the gut microbiota, where they can produce systemic effects on the host through activating or inhibiting gene expression. The current version of gutMGene documents 1331 curated relationships between 332 gut microbes, 207 microbial metabolites and 223 genes in humans, and 2349 curated relationships between 209 gut microbes, 149 microbial metabolites and 544 genes in mice. Each entry in the gutMGene contains detailed information on a relationship between gut microbe, microbial metabolite and target gene, a brief description of the relationship, experiment technology and platform, literature reference and so on. gutMGene provides a user-friendly interface to browse and retrieve each entry using gut microbes, disorders and intervention measures. It also offers the option to download all the entries and submit new experimentally validated associations.

scholarly journals Effect of Caloric Restriction on BMI, Gut Microbiota, and Blood Amino Acid Levels in Non-Obese Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zou ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
Huahui Ren ◽  
Kaiye Cai ◽  
Peishan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Obese Subjects

Adequate calorie restriction (CR) as a healthy lifestyle is recommended not only for people with metabolic disorders but also for healthy adults. Previous studies have mainly focused on the beneficial metabolic effects of CR on obese subjects, while its effects on non-obese subjects are still scarce. Here, we conducted a three-week non-controlled CR intervention in 41 subjects, with approximately 40% fewer calories than the recommended daily energy intake. We measured BMI, and applied targeted metabolic profiling on fasting blood samples and shotgun metagenomic sequencing on fecal samples, before and after intervention. Subjects were stratified into two enterotypes according to their baseline microbial composition, including 28 enterotype Bacteroides (ETB) subjects and 13 enterotype Prevotella (ETP) subjects. CR decreased BMI in most subjects, and ETP subjects exhibited a significantly higher BMI loss ratio than the ETB subjects. Additionally, CR induced limited changes in gut microbial composition but substantial microbial-independent changes in blood AAs, including a significant increase in 3-methylhistidine, a biomarker of the skeletal muscle protein turnover. Finally, baseline abundances of seven microbial species, rather than baseline AA levels, could well predict CR-induced BMI loss. This non-controlled intervention study revealed associations between baseline gut microbiota and CR-induced BMI loss and provided evidence to accelerate the application of microbiome stratification in future personalized nutrition intervention.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Dietary Interventions for Depression and Anxiety

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey L K Bear ◽  
Julie E Dalziel ◽  
Jane Coad ◽  
Nicole C Roy ◽  
Christine A Butts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior

ABSTRACT There is emerging evidence that an unhealthy dietary pattern may increase the risk of developing depression or anxiety, whereas a healthy dietary pattern may decrease it. This nascent research suggests that dietary interventions could help prevent, or be an alternative or adjunct therapy for, depression and anxiety. The relation, however, is complex, affected by many confounding variables, and is also likely to be bidirectional, with dietary choices being affected by stress and depression. This complexity is reflected in the data, with sometimes conflicting results among studies. As the research evolves, all characteristics of the relation need to be considered to ensure that we obtain a full understanding, which can potentially be translated into clinical practice. A parallel and fast-growing body of research shows that the gut microbiota is linked with the brain in a bidirectional relation, commonly termed the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Preclinical evidence suggests that this axis plays a key role in the regulation of brain function and behavior. In this review we discuss possible reasons for the conflicting results in diet–mood research, and present examples of areas of the diet–mood relation in which the gut microbiota is likely to be involved, potentially explaining some of the conflicting results from diet and depression studies. We argue that because diet is one of the most significant factors that affects human gut microbiota structure and function, nutritional intervention studies need to consider the gut microbiota as an essential piece of the puzzle.

scholarly journals Type-2 Diabetics Reduces Spatial Variation of Microbiome Based on Extracellular Vesicles from Gut Microbes across Human Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geumkyung Nah ◽  
Sang-Cheol Park ◽  
Kangjin Kim ◽  
Sungmin Kim ◽  
Jaehyun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Serum And Urine

AbstractAs a result of advances in sequencing technology, the role of gut microbiota in the mechanism of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been revealed. Studies showing wide distribution of microbiome throughout the human body, even in the blood, have motivated the investigation of the dynamics in gut microbiota across the humans. Particularly, extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer structures secreted from the gut microbiota, have recently come into the spotlight because gut microbe-derived EVs affect glucose metabolism by inducing insulin resistance. Recently, intestine hyper-permeability linked to T2DM has also been associated with the interaction between gut microbes and leaky gut epithelium, which increases the uptake of macromolecules like lipopolysaccharide from the membranes of microbes leading to chronic inflammation. In this article, we firstly investigate the co-occurrence of stool microbes and microbe-derived EVs across serum and urine in human subjects (N = 284), showing the dynamics and stability of gut derived EVs. Stool EVs are intermediate, while the bacterial composition in both urine and serum EVs is distinct from the stool microbiome. The co-occurrence of microbes was compared between patients with T2DM (N = 29) and matched in healthy subjects (N = 145). Our results showed significantly higher correlations in patients with T2DM compared to healthy subjects across stool, serum, and urine, which could be interpreted as the dysfunction of intestinal permeability in T2DM. Therefore, the significant correlation of EVs might give insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM, as well as the role of EVs as a biomarker in the intestinal permeability of T2DM.

scholarly journals Fecal Microbiome Composition Does Not Predict Diet‐Induced TMAO Production in Healthy Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ferrell ◽  
Peter Bazeley ◽  
Zeneng Wang ◽  
Bruce S. Levison ◽  
Xinmin S. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Analysis ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Microbiome Composition

Background Trimethylamine‐ N ‐oxide (TMAO) is a small molecule derived from the metabolism of dietary nutrients by gut microbes and contributes to cardiovascular disease. Plasma TMAO increases following consumption of red meat. This metabolic change is thought to be partly because of the expansion of gut microbes able to use nutrients abundant in red meat. Methods and Results We used data from a randomized crossover study to estimate the degree to which TMAO can be estimated from fecal microbial composition. Healthy participants received a series of 3 diets that differed in protein source (red meat, white meat, and non‐meat), and fecal, plasma, and urine samples were collected following 4 weeks of exposure to each diet. TMAO was quantitated in plasma and urine, while shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on fecal DNA. While the cai gene cluster was weakly correlated with plasma TMAO (rho=0.17, P =0.0007), elastic net models of TMAO were not improved by abundances of bacterial genes known to contribute to TMAO synthesis. A global analysis of all taxonomic groups, genes, and gene families found no meaningful predictors of TMAO. We postulated that abundances of known genes related to TMAO production do not predict bacterial metabolism, and we measured choline‐ and carnitine‐trimethylamine lyase activity during fecal culture. Trimethylamine lyase genes were only weakly correlated with the activity of the enzymes they encode. Conclusions Fecal microbiome composition does not predict systemic TMAO because, in this case, gene copy number does not predict bacterial metabolic activity. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01427855.

scholarly journals Functional characterisation of gut microbiota and metabolism in Type 2 diabetes indicates that Clostridiales and Enterococcus could play a key role in the disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Mora-Ortiz ◽  
Alain Oregioni ◽  
Sandrine P. Claus
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Functional Characterisation ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Acetate Butyrate

AbstractThere is growing evidence indicating that gut microbiota contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). The most widely-used model for T2D research is the leptin deficient db/db mouse model. Yet, a characterisation of the gut microbial composition in this model in relationship with the metabolism is lacking. The objectives of this study were to identify metabolomics and microbial modulations associated with T2D in the db/db mouse model. The majority of microbial changes observed included an increase of Enterobacteriaceae and a decrease of Clostridiales in diabetics. The metabolomics interrogation of caecum indicated a lower proteolytic activity in diabetics, who also showed higher Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) levels. In the case of faeces, the model identified 9 metabolites, the main ones were acetate, butyrate and Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs). Finally, liver was the organ with more metabolic links with gut-microbiota followed by the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). In conclusion, the interaction between Clostridiales and Enterococcus with caecal metabolism could play a key role in the onset and development of diabetes. Further studies should investigate whether the role of these bacteria is causal or co-occurring.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease and heart failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kitai ◽  
W.H. Wilson Tang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Host Metabolism

Accumulating evidence supports a relationship between the complexity and diversity of the gut microbiota and host diseases. In addition to alterations in the gut microbial composition, the metabolic potential of gut microbiota has been identified as a contributing factor in the development of diseases. Recent technological developments of molecular and biochemical analyses enable us to detect and characterize the gut microbiota via assessment and classification of its genomes and corresponding metabolites. These advances have provided emerging data supporting the role of gut microbiota in various physiological activities including host metabolism, neurological development, energy homeostasis, and immune regulation. Although few human studies have looked into the causative associations and underlying pathophysiology of the gut microbiota and host disease, a growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence supports the theory that the gut microbiota and its metabolites have the potential to be a novel therapeutic and preventative target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight the interplay between the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the development and progression of hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus intestinalis YT2 restores the gut microbiota and improves menopausal symptoms in ovariectomized rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
E.Y. Lim ◽  
E.-J. Song ◽  
J.G. Kim ◽  
S.Y. Jung ◽  
S.-Y. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Menopausal Symptoms ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

There are many studies focusing on the alleviation of menopausal symptoms; however, little is known about the role of gut microorganisms in menopausal symptoms. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were administered a novel strain (YT2) of Lactobacillus intestinalis (a species with significantly reduced abundance in OVX rats) and the potential probiotic effect on the improvement of menopausal symptoms was evaluated. Of note, the gut microbial composition completely shifted after ovariectomy in rats. Treatment with L. intestinalis YT2 significantly alleviated menopausal symptoms, such as increased fat mass, decreased bone mineral density, increased pain sensitivity, depression-like behaviour, and cognitive impairment. Additionally, the administration of L. intestinalis YT2 restored the intestinal microbial composition, including an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio. L. intestinalis YT2 also promoted gut barrier integrity by increasing the mRNA levels of tight junction-related markers. In conclusion, L. intestinalis YT2 treatment alleviated menopausal symptoms via the modulation of the gut microbiota. Importantly, these results suggest that L. intestinalis YT2 should be considered as a therapeutic probiotic agent for menopausal women.

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