scholarly journals Glycyrrhizin Protects the Diabetic Retina against Permeability, Neuronal, and Vascular Damage through Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Youde Jiang ◽  
Jena J. Steinle
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Diabetic Retina ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Retinal Capillary ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Retinal Inflammation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Damage associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), may be involved in retinal inflammation in response to high glucose. To test whether HMGB1 inhibition could protect the diabetic retina, C57BL/6J mice were made diabetic and treated with glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor, for up to six months. Measurements of permeability, neuronal, and vascular changes were done, as well as assessments of HMGB1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-1-beta (IL1β) levels. Retinal endothelial cells (REC) treated with glycyrrhizin had reduced IL1β and cleaved caspase 3 levels. Data also demonstrate that glycyrrhizin effectively reduced HMGB1 levels throughout the retina, as well as maintained normal retinal permeability and retinal capillary coverage. Glycyrrhizin maintained normal cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer and prevented thinning of the retina at two months. These histological changes were associated with reduced reactive oxygen species, as well as reduced HMGB1, TNFα, and IL1β levels. The data strongly imply that HMGB1 inhibition prevented diabetic retinal changes through anti-inflammatory pathways.

scholarly journals Epac1 and Glycyrrhizin Both Inhibit HMGB1 Levels to Reduce Diabetes-Induced Neuronal and Vascular Damage in the Mouse Retina

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Youde Jiang ◽  
Jena J. Steinle
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Diabetic Retina ◽  
Factor Alpha

The role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in acute diabetic retinal damage has been demonstrated. We recently reported that glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor, protected the diabetic retina against neuronal, vascular, and permeability changes. In this study, we wanted to investigate the role of exchange protein for cAMP 1 (Epac1) on HMGB1 and the actions of glycyrrhizin. Using endothelial cell specific knockout mice for Epac1, we made some mice diabetic using streptozotocin, and treated some with glycyrrhizin for up to 6 months. We measured permeability, neuronal, and vascular changes in the Epac1 floxed and knockout mice. We also investigated whether Epac1 and glycyrrhizin work synergistically to reduce the retinal inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1-beta (IL1β), as well as sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels. Epac1 and glycyrrhizin reduced inflammatory mediators with synergistic actions. Glycyrrhizin also increased SIRT1 levels in the Epac1 mice. Overall, these studies demonstrate that glycyrrhizin and Epac1 can work together to protect the retina. Finally, glycyrrhizin may regulate HMGB1 through increased SIRT1 actions.

scholarly journals Local and systemic influence of toxic levels of airborne ozone on the inflammatory response in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Chmielewska-Krzesińska ◽  
Krzysztof Wąsowicz
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Introduction Ozone is not harmful itself; however, it directly oxidises biomolecules and produces radical-dependent cytotoxicity. Exposure to ozone is by inhalation and therefore the lungs develop the main anti-inflammatory response, while ozone has an indirect impact on the other organs. This study investigated the local and systemic effects of the ozone-associated inflammatory response. Material and Methods Three groups each of 5 Wistar Han rats aged 6 months were exposed for 2h to airborne ozone at 0.5 ppm and a fourth identical group were unexposed controls. Sacrifice was at 3h after exposure for control rats and one experimental group and at 24 h and 48 h for the others. Lung and liver samples were evaluated for changes in expression of transforming growth factor beta 1, anti-inflammatory interleukin 10, pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and two nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of B cells subunit genes. Total RNA was isolated from the samples in spin columns and cDNA was synthesised in an RT-PCR. Expression levels were compared to those of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and analysed statistically. Results All variables changed non-linearly over time comparing experimental groups to the control. Conspicuous expression changes in the subunit genes and cytokines were observed in both evaluated organs. Conclusion Locally and systemically, inflammation responses to ozone inhalation include regulation of certain genes’ expression. The mechanisms are unalike in lungs and liver but ozone exerts a similar effect in both organs. A broader range of variables influential on ozone response should be studied in the future.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Applications of Terpenes on Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo ◽  
Hernán Cortés ◽  
Isaac H. Caballero-Florán ◽  
Maykel González-Torres ◽  
Lidia Escutia-Guadarrama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Anticonvulsant Activities ◽  
Necrosis Factor

In the last decades, the search for natural products with biological applications as alternative treatments for several inflammatory diseases has increased. In this respect, terpenes are a family of organic compounds obtained mainly from plants and trees, such as tea, cannabis, thyme, and citrus fruits like lemon or mandarin. These molecules present attractive biological properties such as analgesic and anticonvulsant activities. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated that certain terpenes could reduce inflammation symptoms by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines for example, the nuclear transcription factor-kappa B, interleukin 1, and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Thus, due to various anti-inflammatory drugs provoking side effects, the search and analysis of novel therapeutics treatments are attractive. In this review, the analysis of terpenes’ chemical structure and their mechanisms in anti-inflammatory functions are addressed. Additionally, we present a general analysis of recent investigations about their applications as an alternative treatment for inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we focus on terpenes-based nanoformulations and employed dosages to offer a global perspective of the state-of-the-art.

scholarly journals Extracts from Fermented Black Garlic Exhibit a Hepatoprotective Effect on Acute Hepatic Injury

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
Jung-Tsung Wu ◽  
Kuan-Chen Cheng ◽  
Ping-Shan Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effect ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Acute Hepatic Injury ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The mechanism of hepatoprotective compounds is usually related to its antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects. Black garlic is produced from garlic by heat treatment and its anti-inflammatory activity has been previously reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of five different extracts of black garlic against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatic injury (AHI). In this study, mice in the control, CCl4, silymarin, and black garlic groups were orally administered distilled water, silymarin, and different fraction extracts of black garlic, respectively, after CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally to induce AHI. The results revealed that the n-butanol layer extract (BA) and water layer extract (WS) demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect by reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the BA and WS fractions of black garlic extract increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the interleukin-1 (IL-1β) level in liver. It was concluded that black garlic exhibited significant protective effects on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury.

Pancreatic beta-cell-selective production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by interleukin-1

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yamada ◽  
N. Takane ◽  
S. Otabe ◽  
C. Inada ◽  
M. Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Beta Cell ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

scholarly journals Anti-Neuroinflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phenylheptatriyne Isolated from the Flowers of Coreopsis lanceolata L. via NF-κB Inhibition and HO-1 Expression in BV2 and RAW264.7 Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7482
Author(s):  
Hwan Lee ◽  
Zhiming Liu ◽  
Chi-Su Yoon ◽  
Linsha Dong ◽  
Wonmin Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Etoac Fraction ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Aging is associated with immune disregulation and oxidative stress which lead to inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We have tried to identify the anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-inflammatory components of Coreopsis lanceolata L. The dried flowers of C. lanceolata were extracted with 70% EtOH, and the obtained extract was divided into CH2Cl2, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O fractions. The CH2Cl2 fraction was separated using silica gel and C-18 column chromatography to yield phenylheptatriyne (1), 2′-hydroxy-3,4,4′-trimethoxychalcone (2), and 4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone (3). Additionally, the EtOAc fraction was subjected to silica gel, C-18, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography to yield 8-methoxybutin (4) and leptosidin (5). All the compounds isolated from C. lanceolata inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, phenylheptatriyne and 4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6. Among them, phenylheptatriyne was significantly downregulated in the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Subsequently, phenylheptatriyne also effectively inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-stimulated BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. Based on these results, the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of phenylheptatriyne isolated from C. lanceolata was confirmed, which may exert a therapeutic effect in treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.

scholarly journals A Novel Curcumin-Mycophenolic Acid Conjugate Inhibited Hyperproliferation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Induced Human Keratinocyte Cells

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Yonelian Yuyun ◽  
Pahweenvaj Ratnatilaka Na Bhuket ◽  
Wiwat Supasena ◽  
Piyapan Suwattananuruk ◽  
Kemika Praengam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Mycophenolic Acid ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Curcumin (CUR) has been used as adjuvant therapy for therapeutic application in the treatment of psoriasis through several mechanisms of action. Due to the poor oral bioavailability of CUR, several approaches have been developed to overcome the limitations of CUR, including the prodrug strategy. In this study, CUR was esterified with mycophenolic acid (MPA) as a novel conjugate prodrug. The MPA-CUR conjugate was structurally elucidated using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS techniques. Bioavailable fractions (BFs) across Caco-2 cells of CUR, MPA, and MPA-CUR were collected for further biological activity evaluation representing an in vitro cellular transport model for oral administration. The antipsoriatic effect of the BFs was determined using antiproliferation and anti-inflammation assays against hyperproliferation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT). The BF of MPA-CUR provided better antiproliferation than that of CUR (p < 0.001). The enhanced hyperproliferation suppression of the BF of MPA-CUR resulted from the reduction of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β. The molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity were mediated by an attenuated signaling cascade of MAPKs protein, i.e., p38, ERK, and JNK. Our results present evidence for the MPA-CUR conjugate as a promising therapeutic agent for treating psoriasis by antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions.

scholarly journals Hyaluronic Acid-Modified and TPCA-1-Loaded Gold Nanocages Alleviate Inflammation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingnan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Nanogold Particles ◽  
Gold Nanocages ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Gold nanocages (AuNCs) are biocompatible and porous nanogold particles that have been widely used in biomedical fields. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) and peptide- modified gold nanocages (HA-AuNCs/T/P) loaded with 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide (TPCA-1) were prepared to investigate their potential for combating inflammation. TPCA-1 was released from AuNCs, intracellularly when HA was hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase. HA-AuNCs/T/P show a much higher intracellular uptake than AuNCs/T/P, and exhibit a much higher efficacy on the suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) than free TPCA-1, suggesting great improvement to the anti-inflammatory efficacy of TPCA-1 through the application of AuNCs. HA-AuNCs/T/P can also reduce the production of reactive oxygen species in inflammatory cells. This study suggests that HA-AuNCs/T/P may be potential agents for anti-inflammatory treatment, and are worthy of further investigation.

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