scholarly journals Effects of Fructose or Glucose on Circulating ApoCIII and Triglyceride and Cholesterol Content of Lipoprotein Subfractions in Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Hieronimus ◽  
Steven C. Griffen ◽  
Nancy L. Keim ◽  
Andrew A. Bremer ◽  
Lars Berglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Lipoprotein Subfractions ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Before And After

ApoCIII and triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL), particularly, large TG-rich lipoproteins particles, have been described as important mediators of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The effects of sustained consumption of dietary fructose compared with those of sustained glucose consumption on circulating apoCIII and large TRL particles have not been reported. We measured apoCIII concentrations and the TG and cholesterol content of lipoprotein subfractions separated by size in fasting and postprandial plasma collected from men and women (age: 54 ± 8 years) before and after they consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks. The subjects consuming fructose exhibited higher fasting and postprandial plasma apoCIII concentrations than the subjects consuming glucose (p < 0.05 for both). They also had higher concentrations of postprandial TG in all TRL subfractions (p < 0.05, effect of sugar), with the highest increases occurring in the largest TRL particles (p < 0.0001 for fructose linear trend). Compared to glucose consumption, fructose consumption increased postprandial TG in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (p < 0.05, effect of sugar), especially in the smaller particles (p < 0.0001 for fructose linear trend). The increases of both postprandial apoCIII and TG in large TRL subfractions were associated with fructose-induced increases of fasting cholesterol in the smaller LDL particles. In conclusion, 10 weeks of fructose consumption increased the circulating apoCIII and postprandial concentrations of large TRL particles compared with glucose consumption.

Lipoprotein subfraction LDL-5 and the presence of coronary atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Klevjer ◽  
J.C Saether ◽  
E Vesterbekkmo ◽  
G Giskeoedegaard ◽  
T Bathen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Lipoprotein Subfractions ◽  
Ldl Particles

Abstract Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) has high mortality rates and is a frequent cause of death globally. Serum lipids play a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis, and elevated levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides are well known risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there are limitations in the ability to predict CVD risk, which has led to an increased clinical interest in identifying novel risk markers. With the advances in lipidomic technology, lipoprotein subfractions may provide additional information that is missing in today's evaluation of CVD risk. Lipoprotein subfractions differ in size and density, and recent studies suggest that high density of small LDL particles provide a greater risk for CVD. Purpose To investigate whether lipoprotein subfractions are associated with the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods Fasting serum samples from 60 participants with suspected stable CAD were collected before scheduled coronary angiography, and analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The presence and extent of atherosclerosis were quantified by the Gensini Score. Participants were classified into one of three Gensini groups based on severity (&lt;20.5, normal; 20.6–30, non-significant CAD; &gt;30.1, significant CAD). Results A three-way ANOVA, adjusted for statin-use and sex, revealed statistically significant differences (p&lt;0.005) in LDL-5 particle number, LDL-5 triglycerides, and LDL-5 phospholipids between the Gensini groups. In addition, significant differences (p&lt;0.005) were found in the ratios apolipoprotein A/apolipoprotein B and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol between the Gensini groups. All significant variables, identified by the three-way ANOVA, displayed the highest levels in the Gensini group with significant CAD. Conclusion Despite no difference in the traditional clinical measurements (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides), NMR-lipidomics revealed significant differences in LDL-5 between the Gensini groups. Interestingly, our results reveal that those with significant CAD have a higher density of small LDL subfractions. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Norwegian Health Association, The Liaison Committee for Education, Research and Innovation in Central Norway

scholarly journals Effects of Organized Physical Activity on Selected Health Indices among Women Older than 55 Years

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Zmijewski ◽  
Krzysztof Mazurek ◽  
Ewa Kozdron ◽  
Piotr Szczypiorski ◽  
Agata Frysztak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health Indices ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Biochemical Indices

The main aim of this study was to determine health benefits among women older than 55 years who participated in organized, group-based physical activity (OPA). Thirty-five women aged 65.0 ± 7.3 years volunteered for this study. The classical and nonclassical cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors were measured before and after a 2-week OPA camp in a remote location and 3 months of OPA. Self-guided physical activity was analyzed 18 months after OPA. Two-week effects included significant decreases in body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and resting heart rate, improved exercise capacity (EC), improved low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), cholesterol, and other atherogenic lipid indices (ALI), and a reduction in 10-year estimated risk of death from CVD. Three-month effects included a further decrease in systolic BP, improvements in EC and HDL-C, and maintenance of lower levels of ALI, as well as lower CVD risk. The implementation of the OPA programme had a positive impact on somatic features, exercise capacity, biochemical indices, and risk for death from CVD. The presented programme can be regarded as an effective element of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases among women older than 55 years.

scholarly journals Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is correlated with levels of inflammatory markers and is significantly reduced by smoking cessation

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 030006052110192
Author(s):  
Maki Komiyama ◽  
Yuka Ozaki ◽  
Yusuke Miyazaki ◽  
Yasufumi Katanasaka ◽  
Yoichi Sunagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Before And After

Previous studies have reported that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with onset and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Smoking is a major risk factor for CVD and smoking cessation significantly reduces CVD risk. However, the effects of smoking cessation on the NLR remain unknown. Among smokers visiting our smoking cessation clinics, we examined changes in the NLR and CVD biomarkers before and after smoking cessation. A total of 389 individuals (301 men and 88 women) were enrolled in the study. The median NLR was significantly reduced after successful smoking cessation (before: 1.8, interquartile range [IQR] 1.5, 2.5; after: 1.7, IQR 1.3, 2.4). In a linear regression model adjusted for sex, percent change in NLR comparing before and after smoking cessation was significantly and positively correlated with percent changes in C-reactive protein (β = 0.260), α1-antitrypsin-low density lipoprotein (β = 0.151, p < 0.05), and serum amyloid A-low density lipoprotein (β = 0.325). Our study demonstrated for the first time that smoking cessation significantly reduces the NLR in tandem with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Abstract 538: LDL Particle Core Enrichment in Cholesteryl Oleate Results in Increased Binding to Arterial Wall Proteoglycans and Increased Atherosclerosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Melchior ◽  
Kathryn Kelley ◽  
Martha Wilson ◽  
Janet Sawyer ◽  
Roy Hantgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Cholesteryl Oleate ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Ldl Particles

INTRODUCTION: Accumulation of lipids in the artery wall, particularly cholesteryl esters (CE), is a classic feature of atherosclerosis. Apo B-containing lipoprotein particles are the primary vehicles by which CEs are delivered across the endothelial barrier into the intima and once present in the subendothelial space these particles are subject to sequestration by native proteoglycans. Several studies in both non-human primate and murine models of atherosclerosis strongly suggest that core enrichment in cholesteryl oleate of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles play a significant role in determination of the extent of atherosclerosis. It has also been shown that Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is the enzyme responsible for cholesteryl oleate enrichment of apo B-containing lipoproteins and gene deletion of ACAT2 in animal models is protective against the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, we hypothesized that the selective accumulation of LDL within the intima is the result of LDL particle core enrichment of cholesteryl oleate that results in modification of key surface characteristics of ApoB promoting interaction with resident proteoglycans. METHODS: Apo B-100 only, LDLr -/- mice (W/T) and Apo B-100 only, LDLr-/-, ACAT2 -/- (KO) mice were fed diets enriched in either cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-MUFA) or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) for 16 weeks. Blood and plasma was harvested and LDL particles were isolated by size exclusion chromatography. The major lipid constituents of the LDL particle were measured along with the fatty acids of the cholesteryl ester fraction of the particle core. LDL affinity to arterial proteoglycans was determined using an immunocapture surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique we developed. Atherosclerosis was quantified by measuring the cholesterol content of the aorta. RESULTS: W/T mice fed a cis-MUFA diet displayed the highest degree of cholesteryl oleate packaging into the particle core and the highest propensity to bind to arterial proteoglycans. Feeding a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA and/or knocking out ACAT2 successfully inhibited the packaging of cholesteryl oleate into the LDL particles. Accompanying this decrease in cholesteryl oleate content was a significant decrease in binding to arterial proteoglycans and development of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: Elimination of cholesteryl oleate from the LDL particle core results in significantly less binding to arterial wall proteoglycans and in turn, less development of atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals The effects of fat consumption on low-density lipoprotein particle size in healthy individuals: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Froyen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Small Dense Ldl ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Fat Consumption

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one contributor to death in the United States and worldwide. A risk factor for CVD is high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations; however, LDL particles exist in a variety of sizes that may differentially affect the progression of CVD. The small, dense LDL particles, compared to the large, buoyant LDL subclass, are considered to be more atherogenic. It has been suggested that replacing saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases the risk for CVD. However, certain studies are not in agreement with this recommendation, as saturated fatty acid intake did not increase the risk for CVD, cardiovascular events, and/or mortality. Furthermore, consumption of saturated fat has been demonstrated to increase large, buoyant LDL particles, which may explain, in part, for the differing outcomes regarding fat consumption on CVD risk. Therefore, the objective was to review intervention trials that explored the effects of fat consumption on LDL particle size in healthy individuals. PubMed and Web of Science were utilized during the search process for journal articles. The results of this review provided evidence that fat consumption increases large, buoyant LDL and/or decreases small, dense LDL particles, and therefore, influences CVD risk.

scholarly journals LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN SUBFRACTIONS AND VARYING DEGREE OF CORONARY STENOSIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
I. N. Ozerova ◽  
N. V. Perova ◽  
V. A. Metelskaya ◽  
O. I. Chernushevich ◽  
N. E. Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Stenosis ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Lipoprotein Subfractions ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Intermediate Density

Aim.To investigate whether low and intermediate density lipoprotein (LDL, IDL) subfractions are associated with a degree of angiographically verified coronary atherosclerosis, as well as with other biochemical risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD), and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) in particular.Material and methods.The study included 129 patients (76 men and 53 women), aged 33–75 years, who were referred for coronary angiography. All participants were divided into three groups by the degree of coronary artery (CA) stenosis: 0–20%, 21–70%, and >70%. LDL and IDL subfractions were measured with the Lipoprint LDL System (electrophoresis in 3% polyacrylamide gel).Results.All groups were similar by the levels of lipid and apoprotein parameters. The levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein and glucose, as well as HOMA-IR index, were higher in Group 3 patients. In most cases of severe CA stenosis, small dense LDL particles were detected. In HTG patients, higher levels of small dense LDL3 particles were registered only together with the CA stenosis of at least 21–70%.Conclusion.The findings on lipoprotein subfractions, obtained with the Lipoprint LDL System, have demonstrated that in patients with verified coronary atherosclerosis, there is a link between the levels of more atherogenic small dense LDL3 particles, the degree of CA stenosis, and blood TG levels. The combination of HTG and high LDL3 levels could be considered an additional marker of severe CA atherosclerosis. 

Intralysosomal Accumulation of Colloidal Gold-Low Density Lipoprotein Conjugates in Chloroquine-Treated Fibroblasts

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 546-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean A. Handley ◽  
Cynthia M. Arbeeny ◽  
Larry D. Witte
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Coated Vesicle ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Ldl Particles

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are the major cholesterol carrying particles in the blood. Using cultured cells, it has been shown that LDL particles interact with specific surface receptors and are internalized via a coated pit-coated vesicle pathway for lysosomal catabolism. This (Pathway has been visualized using LDL labeled to ferritin or colloidal gold. It is now recognized that certain lysomotropic agents, such as chloroquine, inhibit lysosomal enzymes that degrade protein and cholesterol esters. By interrupting cholesterol ester hydrolysis, chloroquine treatment results in lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol esters from internalized LDL. Using LDL conjugated to colloidal gold, we have examined the ultrastructural effects of chloroquine on lipoprotein uptake by normal cultured fibroblasts.

Melatonin Improves Lipid Profile and Ameliorates Lipid Peroxidation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Dyslipidemia and oxidative modifications of lipid are frequently associated in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and considered the most important risk factors for cardiovascular events. Melatonin is a well-known potent antioxidant and has beneficial effect on lipid metabolism. the study was designed to evaluate if Melatonin could improve lipid profile and ameliorates lipid peroxidation. This single blind placebo controlled clinical study carried out on 41 patients with CKD who were randomized into two groups, control groups (n=20) those who received placebo cap and melatonin group those who received 5mg melatonin (n=21). Lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C)] and parameters of lipid peroxidation [oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after 12 weeks of the treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, melatonin significantly increased HDL-C and decreased LDL-C compared to the initial value. The elevation in HDL-C and reduction in LDL-C were significantly different from that in placebo group. Also, both oxLDL and MDA levels significantly lowered by melatonin compared to the baseline and to the placebo group. Collectively, the results of our study showed that melatonin has advantageous effect on lipid profile and inhibit lipid peroxidation in patients with CKD.

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Lowering LDLCholesterol

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Zhao-Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Statins are currently the major therapeutic strategies to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. However, a number of hypercholesterolemia patients still have a residual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk despite taking the maximum-tolerated dose of statins. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), inducing its degradation in the lysosome and inhibiting LDLR recirculating to the cell membranes. The gain-offunction mutations in PCSK9 elevate the LDL-C levels in plasma. Therefore, PCSK9 inhibitors become novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Several PCSK9 inhibitors have been under investigation, and much progress has been made in clinical trials, especially for monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Two MoAbs, evolocumab and alirocumab, are now in clinical use. In this review, we summarize the development of PCSK9 inhibitors, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small molecule inhibitor, MoAbs, mimetic peptides and adnectins, and the related safety issues.

Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Markers in the Era of Established Major Risk Factors and Multiple Guidelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Whayne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

The non-traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors that appear to be of most clinical interest include: apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine, interleukin 1 (IL1), lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], the density of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, the LDL particle number, tissue/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and uric acid. These non-traditional risk factors may be of value in adding further confirmation and attention to suspected significant CV risk. They can also provide a better understanding of current concepts of atherogenesis (e.g. various potential mechanisms associated with inflammation) as an etiology and in guiding current plus future therapies. In the mid-20th century, atherosclerosis and CV disease were considered mechanistic occurrences with essentially no attention to possible metabolic and molecular etiologies. Therefore, the only treatments then centered around mainly surgical procedures to try to improve blood flow, first with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and later coronary artery disease (CAD). Now, failure to treat CV risk factors, especially where there is good evidence-based medicine, as in the case of statins for high CV risk patients, is considered medical negligence. Nevertheless, many problems remain to be solved regarding atherosclerosis prevention and treatment.

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