scholarly journals Cognitive Frailty Predicts Incident Dementia among Community-Dwelling Older People

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Shimada ◽  
Takehiko Doi ◽  
Sangyoon Lee ◽  
Hyuma Makizako ◽  
Liang-Kung Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Word List ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Primary Screening ◽  
Incident Dementia

Cognitive frailty, defined as the presence of both frailty and cognitive impairment, is a risk factor for adverse events in older adults. However, prevalence rates of cognitive frailty are low (1.1–2.5%), so primary screening is unsuitable in community settings. The aim of the study was to examine whether a new definition of cognitive frailty, which was developed for primary screening, is useful to predict incident dementia in community-dwelling older adults. A total of 4570 older adults participated in the study (2326 women; average age, 71.9 ± 5.5 years). We defined physical frailty as the presence of ≥1 of the following symptoms: slow walking speed and muscle weakness. Cognitive impairment was defined as ≥1 symptom of cognitive impairment, indicated by an age- and education-adjusted score that was ≥1.5 standard deviations below the reference threshold in word list memory, attention, executive function, and processing speed tests. Cognitive frailty was defined as comorbid physical frailty and cognitive impairment. The incidence of dementia was determined using data collected by the Japanese Health Insurance System over 36 months. The prevalence rates of physical frailty, cognitive impairment, and cognitive frailty were 17.5%, 15.3%, and 9.8%, respectively. Cognitive impairment (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.06, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.41–3.02) and cognitive frailty (HR: 3.43, 95% CI: 2.37–4.97) were found to be significant risk factors for dementia. However, the association between dementia and physical frailty was not significant (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.76–1.69). Individuals with comorbid physical frailty and cognitive impairment could have a higher risk of dementia than healthy older adults or older adults with either physical frailty or cognitive impairment alone.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Influence of Frailty Phenotypes in Age-Related Hearing Loss and Tinnitus in Chinese Older Adults: An Explorative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingwei Ruan ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Ruxin Zhang ◽  
Weibin Zhang ◽  
Jian Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Frailty Phenotype ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Age Related

BackgroundFried physical frailty, with mobility frailty and non-motor frailty phenotypes, is a heterogeneous syndrome. The coexistence of the two phenotypes and cognitive impairment is referred to as cognitive frailty (CF). It remains unknown whether frailty phenotype has a different association with hearing loss (HL) and tinnitus.MethodsOf the 5,328 community-dwelling older adults, 429 participants aged ≥58 years were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into robust, mobility, and non-mobility frailty, mobility and non-mobility CF (subdivided into reversible and potentially reversible CF, RCF, and PRCF), and cognitive decline [subdivided into mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and pre-MCI] groups. The severity and presentations of HL and/or tinnitus were used as dependent variables in the multivariate logistic or nominal regression analyses with forward elimination adjusted for frailty phenotype stratifications and other covariates.ResultsPatients with physical frailty (mobility frailty) or who are robust were found to have lower probability of developing severe HL and tinnitus, and presented HL and/or tinnitus than those with only cognitive decline, or CF. Patients with RCF and non-mobility RCF had higher probability with less HL and tinnitus, and the presentation of HL and/or tinnitus than those with PRCF and mobility RCF. Other confounders, age, cognitive and social function, cardiovascular disease, depression, and body mass index, independently mediated the severity of HL and tinnitus, and presented HL and/or tinnitus.ConclusionFrailty phenotypes have divergent association with HL and tinnitus. Further research is required to understand the differential mechanisms and the personalized intervention of HL and tinnitus.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT2017K020.

COGNITIVE FRAILTY AND INCIDENCE OF DEMENTIA IN OLDER PERSONS

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
H. Shimada ◽  
H. Makizako ◽  
K. Tsutsumimoto ◽  
T. Doi ◽  
S. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Word List ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Incidence Of Dementia

ACKGROUND: Cognitive frailty may be a preventive or therapeutic target for preventing dementia and functional decline with age. OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between physical and cognitive frailty and the incidence of dementia in community-living older persons. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. Setting: General community in Japan. Participants: A total of 4072 persons aged ≥ 65 years. SETTING: A community in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4072 community-dwelling older persons aged ≥ 65 years participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: We characterized physical frailty as ≥ 3 of the following criteria: slow walking speed, muscle weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and weight loss. We used the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool, which includes tests of word list memory, attention, and executive function, and processing speed to screen for cognitive frailty. The presence of ≥ 2 cognitive impairments, indicated by an age-adjusted score of at least 1.5 standard deviations below the reference threshold, was defined as cognitive frailty. The incidence of dementia was determined using data collected by the Japanese Health Insurance System over 24 months. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rates of physical frailty, cognitive impairment, and cognitive frailty (i.e., coexistence of frailty and cognitive impairment) were 5.1%, 5.5%, and 1.1%, respectively. During the follow-up period, 81 participants (2.0%) developed dementia. We found significant relationships between the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment (hazard ratio (HR): 3.85, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.09–7.10) and cognitive frailty (HR: 6.19, 95% CI: 2.7–13.99). However, the association between dementia and physical frailty did not reach significance (HR: 1.95, 95% CI: 0.97–3.91). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with cognitive frailty had the highest risk of dementia. Future research should implement dementia prevention strategies among older persons with cognitive frailty.

scholarly journals Cognitive Frailty And Risk Of Functional Disability In Older Japanese Adults: A 4-Year Prospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 820-821
Author(s):  
Sanmei Chen ◽  
Takanori Honda ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Hiro Kishimoto ◽  
Shuzo Kumagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cardiovascular Health Study ◽  
Minor Trauma ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Cognitive frailty is a newly proposed clinical entity, referring to concurrent cognitive impairment and physical frailty in the absence of dementia. The clinical significance of cognitive frailty remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the association between cognitive frailty and functional disability in older adults. Methods A total of 1,644 non-demented older adults aged ≥65 years (mean age: 73 ± 6 years; men: 41.8%) and without functional disability at baseline were followed-up for 4 years. Cognitive frailty was defined as the presence of both physical frailty (based on the modified Cardiovascular Health Study criteria) and cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score of <24 points). Functional disability was identified using the database of Japan’s Long-term Care Insurance System. Association between cognitive frailty and functional disability was assessed by using the Cox proportional hazard models. Results During the follow-up, 152 participants were identified as being functionally disabled. There was a significant interaction between physical frailty and cognitive impairment on the development of functional disability (P <0.1). Compared with being robust both physically and cognitively, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of functional disability was 8.40 (4.05-17.42) for cognitively frailty, after adjustment for age, sex, education, living alone, smoking, drinking, number of comorbidities (hypertension, stroke, chronic heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, poor hearing, poor vision, osteoarthritis or rheumatism, minor trauma fracture, or cancer). Conclusion Cognitive frailty was associated with an increased risk of functional disability in community-dwelling older adults. Cognitive frailty could be an underrecognized risk factor for functional disability.

scholarly journals Deviations in Hippocampal Subregion in Older Adults With Cognitive Frailty

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyue Wan ◽  
Yu Ye ◽  
Huiying Lin ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Shengxiang Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Significant Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
Volume Decrease

BackgroundCognitive frailty is a particular state of cognitive vulnerability toward dementia with neuropathological hallmarks. The hippocampus is a complex, heterogeneous structure closely relates to the cognitive impairment in elderly which is composed of 12 subregions. Atrophy of these subregions has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the changes in hippocampal subregions in older adults with cognitive frailty and the relationship between subregions and cognitive impairment as well as physical frailty.MethodsTwenty-six older adults with cognitive frailty and 26 matched healthy controls were included in this study. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale (Fuzhou version) and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Chinese version (WMS-RC), while physical frailty was tested with the Chinese version of the Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) and grip strength. The volume of the hippocampal subregions was measured with structural brain magnetic resonance imaging. Partial correlation analysis was carried out between the volumes of hippocampal subregions and MoCA scores, Wechsler’s Memory Quotient and physical frailty indexes.ResultsA significant volume decrease was found in six hippocampal subregions, including the bilateral presubiculum, the left parasubiculum, molecular layer of the hippocampus proper (molecular layer of the HP), and hippocampal amygdala transition area (HATA), and the right cornu ammonis subfield 1 (CA1) area, in older adults with cognitive frailty, while the proportion of brain parenchyma and total number of white matter fibers were lower than those in the healthy controls. Positive correlations were found between Wechsler’s Memory Quotient and the size of the left molecular layer of the HP and HATA and the right presubiculum. The sizes of the left presubiculum, molecular of the layer HP, and HATA and right CA1 and presubiculum were found to be positively correlated with MoCA score. The sizes of the left parasubiculum, molecular layer of the HP and HATA were found to be negatively correlated with the physical frailty index.ConclusionSignificant volume decrease occurs in hippocampal subregions of older adults with cognitive frailty, and these changes are correlated with cognitive impairment and physical frailty. Therefore, the atrophy of hippocampal subregions could participate in the pathological progression of cognitive frailty.

scholarly journals Cognitive Frailty and Its Long-Term Effect on Depression in an Older Population in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 442-442
Author(s):  
Yoonjung Ji ◽  
TaeWha Lee ◽  
Eunkyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Older Population ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cognitive frailty is a condition where physical frailty and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) co-exist without dementia. It occurs in 1.8%-8.9% of the general older population, and older people with depression have a higher risk of frailty. However, the relationship between cognitive frailty and depression is still unclear. This study aimed to determine the relationship between cognitive frailty and depression of older adults by time using comparative group analysis. A secondary analysis was conducted using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) dataset from 2010 to 2018. A sample was 981 older adults who were 65 years old and without dementia over residing in the community. Cognitive frailty was defined as having a mini-mental state examination score of 18-23 and 3 or more of the Fried frailty indexes. Generalized Estimating Equation model and chi-square test were employed. Of the 981 subjects, the cognitive frailty(CF) was 28.5%, followed by robust (37.7%), physical frailty (PF, 29.4%), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, 4.4%) at baseline. The group differences on depression measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) were statistically significant in the PF (F=4.70, p<.001) and the CF (F=4.95, p<.001) group compared to the robust group. The time difference effect (F=.09, p=.05) and a group-by-time interaction effect were observed (p<.001). This study confirmed that cognitive frailty is strongly associated with depression. Effective approaches to managing psychological wellbeing, including dementia, are essential for older adults with cognitive frailty.

scholarly journals Renal dysfunction is associated with decline of cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: Korean frailty and aging cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Yoon Kong ◽  
Jin Sug Kim ◽  
Min Hye Kang ◽  
Hyeon Seok Hwang ◽  
Chang Won Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Word List ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Cognitive decline is common in older adults. Similarly, the prevalence of renal dysfunction is also increased in the elderly population. We conducted this study to clarify the relationship between renal dysfunction and decline of cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly population. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study, a nationwide cohort study. Total 2847 (1333 men, 1514 women) eligible participants were enrolled for this study. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Global cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-mental State Examination-Korean version. Other domains of cognitive function were tested with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease and the Frontal Assessment Battery. Results The mean age of all participants was 76.0 ± 3.9 years and eGFR (all in mL/min/1.73 m2) was 77.5 ± 14.3. And the mean eGFR was 91.7 ± 3.2 in quartile 1, 84.9 ± 1.8 in quartile 2, 76.1 ± 3.7 in quartile 3, and 57.2 ± 10.8 in quartile 4. In baseline characteristics, participants with lower eGFR tend to have lower cognitive function scores than participant with higher eGFR. In linear regression analysis, eGFR was correlated with the word list memory (β = 0.53, P = 0.005), word list recall (β = 0.86, P < 0.001), and word list recognition (β = 0.43, P = 0.030) after adjustment of confounding variables. Moreover, after multivariate adjustment the association with cognitive impairment in quartile 2 was stronger (adjusted OR: 1.535, 95% CI: 1.111–2.120, P = 0.009), and the ORs of cognitive impairment were 1.501 (95% CI: 1.084–2.079, P = 0.014) in quartile 3 and 1.423 (95% CI: 1.022–1.983, P = 0.037) in quartile 4. Conclusion In older adults, the immediate, recent memory, and recognition domains were significantly related to renal function. Also, the mild renal dysfunction was independently associated with impairment of global cognitive function. These results suggest that the early stages of renal dysfunction could be an effective target to prevent worsening of cognitive impairment. Therefore, regular monitoring and early detection of mild renal dysfunction in elderly population might be needed.

scholarly journals LATEST ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FRAILTY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S396-S396
Author(s):  
Qianli Xue ◽  
Michelle C Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Geriatric Conditions ◽  
Incident Dementia ◽  
Joint Consideration ◽  
National Profile

Abstract As two of the most common geriatric conditions, frailty and cognitive impairment often coexist, and are known to predict poor health outcomes separately and jointly. The link between frailty and cognitive impairment may result from the fact that many of the aging processes underlying frailty may also be responsible for brain aging and cognitive decline. What is unknown is: (1) whether frailty as a measure of physiological resilience is predictive of dementia above and beyond neuropathology and cognitive decline; (2) whether there are individual characteristics that uniquely identify separate vs. joint presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment. To begin to address these questions, Talk 1 reviews concept of frailty in relationship to reserve and resilience and discusses theoretical underpinnings of three integrated phenotypes of physical and cognitive impairment; Talk 2 uses data from two epidemiological cohorts to study the relationship between frailty and dementia after accounting for neuropathology. Talk 3 uses data from the Gait & Brain Study to compare the strength of associations of cognitive impairment alone vs. cognitive impairment plus physical frailty (or gait performance) with incident dementia. Talk 4 uses data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study to develop a U.S. national profile on the intersection between physical frailty and cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Together, findings from this study help elucidate the interconnection between physical frailty and cognitive impairment, as well as clinical utility of joint consideration of cognitive decline and physical frailty for predicting risk of dementia.

scholarly journals Cognitive frailty in relation to adverse health outcomes independent of multimorbidity in Chinese older adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 908-909
Author(s):  
Zuyun Liu ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Juyoung Park ◽  
Chenkai Wu ◽  
Qian-Li Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Chinese Older Adults ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes

Abstract Cognitive frailty was proposed in 2013 by an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) international consensus group; however, little is known about its status and associations with adverse health outcomes in China. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: 1) the associations of cognitive frailty with various health outcomes including disability, hospitalization, and death; 2) whether the associations differed by multimorbidity in Chinese older adults. We included 5113 Chinese older adults (aged 60+ years) who had baseline (2011 wave) cognition and physical frailty assessments and follow-up for 4 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We found that about 16.0% had cognitive impairment; 6.7% had physical frailty; and 1.6% met criteria for cognitive frailty (having both cognitive impairment and physical frailty). Both cognitive impairment (odds ratios (ORs) range: 1.41 to 2.11) and physical frailty (ORs range: 1.51 to 2.43) were independently associated with basic activities of daily living (BADL), instrumental ADL (IADL), mobility disability, hospitalization, and death among participants without that corresponding outcome at baseline, even after accounting for covariates. Relative to participants who had normal cognition and were nonfrail, those with cognitive frailty had the highest risk for IADL disability (OR=3.40, 95% CI, 1.23–9.40) and death (OR=3.89, 95% CI, 2.25–6.47). We did not find significant interaction effects between cognitive frailty and multimorbidity (P for interactions&gt;0.05). Overall, cognitive frailty was associated with disability and death, independent of multimorbidity. This highlights the importance of assessing cognitive frailty in the community to promote primary and secondary preventions for healthy aging.

scholarly journals Incidence and Predictors of Cognitive Frailty Among Older Adults: A Community-based Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Fatin Malek Rivan ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Nor Fadilah Rajab ◽  
Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh ◽  
Normah Che Din ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results

(1) Background: Cognitive frailty (CF) is the simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment with an increased risk of dementia. Considering that the risk factors of CF are mostly elucidated from cross-sectional studies, we conducted a community-based longitudinal study to determine the incidence and the predictors of CF among Malaysian older adults.; (2) Methods: Out of 490 older adults participating in the Malaysian Towards Useful Aging (TUA) study, 282 were successfully followed-up at five-years for an analysis of the CF incidence. CF was defined as a comorbid physical frailty (>1 Fried criteria) and mild cognitive impairment (Petersen criteria). A comprehensive interview-based questionnaire was administered for sociodemographic information, cognitive function, physical function, dietary intake, psychosocial, and biochemical indices. Univariate analyses were performed for each variable, followed by a regression analysis to identify the predictors of CF that accounted for confounding effects between the studied factors; (3) Results: The incidence rate of CF was 7.1 per 100 person-years. Advancing age (OR=1.12, 95% CI:1.04-1.21, p < 0.05), depression (OR=1.20, 95% CI:1.05-1.37, p < 0.05), decreased processing speed, assessed by a lower digit symbol score (OR=0.67, 95%CI:0.0.56-0.80, p < 0.05), decreased functional mobility measured using Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) (OR=1.23, 95% CI:1.04-1.46, p < 0.05), low vitamin D intake (OR:0.36, 95% CI:0.14-0.93, p < 0.05) and physical frailty (OR=2.16, 95% CI:1.02-4.58, p < 0.05) were predictors for CF incidence; and (4) Conclusions: Our study results could be used as an initial reference for future studies to formulate effective preventive management and intervention strategies to decelerate CF development among older adults.

scholarly journals Cognitive function and amyloid marker in frail older adults: The COGFRAIL Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. Sourdet ◽  
G. Soriano ◽  
J. Delrieu ◽  
Z. Steinmeyer ◽  
S. Guyonnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Pet ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Frail Older Adults ◽  
Amyloid Pathology ◽  
Cerebral Amyloid

Background: Frailty and cognitive impairment are common manifestations of the ageing process and are closely related. But the mechanisms linking aging, physical frailty, and cognitive disorders, are complex and remain unclear. Objectives: We aim to explore the role of cerebral amyloid pathology, but also a range of nutritional, physical, biological or brain-aging marker in the development of cognitive frailty. Method: COGFRAIL study is a monocentric prospective study of frail older patients with an objective cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale global score at 0.5 or 1). Three-hundred-and-twenty-one patients are followed up every 6 months, for 2 years. Clinical assessment at baseline and during follow-up included frailty, physical, mood, sensory, nutritional, and cognitive assessment (with a set of neuropsychological tests). Cerebral amyloid pathology is measured by amyloid Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or amyloid-β-1-42 level in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, measurement of body composition using Dual X Ray Absorptiometry and blood sampling are performed. The main outcome of the study is to assess the prevalence of positive cerebral amyloid status according to amyloid PET or amyloid-β-1-42 level CSF. Secondary outcomes included biological, nutritional, MRI imaging, cognitive, clinical, physical and body composition markers to better understand the mechanisms of cognitive frailty. Perspective: COGFRAIL study will give the opportunity to better understand the link between Gerosciences, frailty, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease, and to better characterize the physical and cognitive trajectories of frail older adults according to their amyloid status. Understanding the relationship between physical frailty and cognitive impairment is a prerequisite for the development of new interventions that could prevent and treat both conditions.

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