scholarly journals Ecological Momentary Assessment of the Relationship between Positive Outcome Expectancies and Gambling Behaviour

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1709
Author(s):  
Nicki A. Dowling ◽  
Stephanie S. Merkouris ◽  
Kimberley Spence
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Gambling Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Relapse prevention models suggest that positive outcome expectancies can constitute situational determinants of relapse episodes that interact with other factors to determine the likelihood of relapse. The primary aims were to examine reciprocal relationships between situational positive gambling outcome expectancies and gambling behaviour and moderators of these relationships. An online survey and a 28 day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) were administered to 109 past-month gamblers (84% with gambling problems). EMA measures included outcome expectancies (enjoyment/arousal, self-enhancement, money), self-efficacy, craving, negative emotional state, interpersonal conflict, social pressure, positive emotional state, financial pressures, and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure). Pre-EMA measures included problem gambling severity, motives, psychological distress, coping strategies, and outcome expectancies. No reciprocal relationships between EMA outcome expectancies and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure) were identified. Moderations predicting gambling episodes revealed: (1) cravings and problem gambling exacerbated effects of enjoyment/arousal expectancies; (2) positive emotional state and positive reframing coping exacerbated effects of self-enhancement expectancies; and (3) instrumental social support buffered effects of money expectancies. Positive outcome expectancies therefore constitute situational determinants of gambling behaviour, but only when they interact with other factors. All pre-EMA expectancies predicted problem gambling severity (OR = 1.61–3.25). Real-time interventions addressing gambling outcome expectancies tailored to vulnerable gamblers are required.

scholarly journals Hey Big Spender: An Ecological Momentary Assessment of Sports and Race Betting Expenditure by Gambler Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerilee Hing ◽  
Alex MT Russell ◽  
Anna Thomas ◽  
Rebecca Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Harm Minimisation ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

A major obstacle to understanding how expenditure varies amongst people who gamble is the difficulty of obtaining accurate expenditure data from individual gamblers. To overcome the shortcomings of retrospective self-reports, this study used a prospective ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design to capture these data every 24/48 hours. It aimed to examine 1) demographic, psychological, behavioural and contextual characteristics of high-spending sports and race bettors, and 2) the relationship between betting outlay and problem gambling severity. A baseline survey was completed by 320 regular sports bettors and 402 regular race bettors, followed by 15 EMA surveys over three non-consecutive weeks. Higher spending bettors were more likely to: be male, place more of their bets online, have higher disposable incomes, have commenced betting at a younger age, have more accounts with betting operators, and bet when affected by alcohol. The analyses confirmed the strong link between problem gambling severity and financial outlay on betting. Regular sports bettors experiencing gambling problems spent four times more, and those at moderate-risk spent three times more, than their non-problem gambling counterparts. Regular race bettors experiencing gambling problems spent three times more, and those at moderate-risk spent twice as much, as the non-problem gambling race bettors. These results suggest that regulatory and other initiatives that help bettors to limit or reduce their financial outlay on betting should be central to harm minimisation efforts, in order to reduce the growing number of bettors experiencing gambling problems and harm. Résumé Un des principaux obstacles à la compréhension de la variation des dépenses entre les joueurs est la difficulté d’obtenir des données précises sur les dépenses de la part de joueurs individuels. Pour pallier les faiblesses d’auto-évaluations rétrospectives, cette étude visait à utiliser un modèle d’évaluation écologique momentanée (EMA) prospective pour saisir ces données toutes les 24 à 48 heures, afin d’examiner 1) les caractéristiques démographiques, psychologiques, comportementales et contextuelles de gros parieurs de course et de paris sportifs et 2) la relation entre les dépenses de paris et la gravité du jeu problématique. Une enquête initiale a été réalisée auprès de 320 parieurs sportifs et de 402 parieurs de course réguliers, suivie de 15 sondages EMA sur trois semaines non consécutives. Les plus gros parieurs étaient plus susceptibles de: placer davantage de paris en ligne, d’avoir un revenu disponible plus élevé, d’avoir commencé à parier à un plus jeune âge, d’avoir davantage de comptes auprès d’opérateurs de paris et de parier sous l’influence de l’alcool. Les analyses ont confirmé le lien étroit qui existe entre la gravité du jeu problématique et les dépenses financières consacrées aux paris. Les parieurs sportifs réguliers aux prises avec des problèmes de jeu dépensaient quatre fois plus et ceux à risque modéré, trois fois plus, que leurs homologues sans problème de jeu. Les parieurs de course réguliers aux prises avec des problèmes de jeu dépensaient trois fois plus et ceux à risque modéré, deux fois plus, que leurs homologues sans problème de jeu. Ces résultats laissent entrevoir que les initiatives réglementaires et autres initiatives qui aident les parieurs à limiter ou à réduire leurs dépenses en paris devraient être au cœur des efforts de minimisation des préjudices, afin de réduire le nombre croissant de parieurs ayant des problèmes de jeu et de préjudices.

scholarly journals Measuring Gambling Outcome Expectancies in Adolescents: Testing the Psychometric Properties of a Modified Version of the Gambling Expectancy Questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Anna Donati ◽  
Jeffrey L. Derevensky ◽  
Beatrice Cipollini ◽  
Laura Di Leonardo ◽  
Giuseppe Iraci Sareri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gambling Outcome Expectancies

AbstractThe Gambling Expectancy Questionnaire (GEQ; Gillespie et al. 2007a) is a 23-item scale assessing three positive outcome expectancies (Enjoyment/Arousal, Money, Self-Enhancement) and two negative outcome expectancies (Over-Involvement, Emotional Impact) related to gambling. It is the most used instrument to assess gambling outcome expectancies in adolescents and it has good psychometric properties. To allow a greater and more useful application of the scale, the present study aimed to modify the GEQ to make it usable with all adolescents, regardless of their gambling behaviour and to verify its psychometric properties. To that aim, the items were modified and the response scale was reduced from a seven-point to a five-point Likert scale. To verify the adequacy of the modified scale, two studies were conducted among Italian adolescents. In the first study (n = 501, 75% males, Mage = 16.74, SD = .88), after having removed four items and relocating another through explorative factor analysis, the original five-factor structure of the scale was confirmed by applying a confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability and validity evidence were also provided. The second study (n = 1894, 61% males, Mage = 15.68, SD = .71) attested its invariance across gambling behaviour status and gender. The modified version of the GEQ (GEQ – MOD) can be profitably used for research and preventive purposes with youth.

scholarly journals Gamblers’ (mis-)interpretations of Problem Gambling Severity Index items: Ambiguities in qualitative accounts from the Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Samuelsson ◽  
Peter Wennberg ◽  
Kristina Sundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Problem Gambling Severity Index ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
Immoral Activity

The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) is a screening instrument frequently used to identify risk and problem gambling. Even though the PGSI has good psychometric properties, it still produces a large proportion of misclassifications. Aims: To explore possible reasons for misclassifications in problem gambling level by analysing previously classified moderate-risk gamblers’ answers to the PGSI items, in relation to their own current and past gambling behaviours. Methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 19 participants reporting no negative consequences from gambling. They were asked the PGSI questions within an eight-year time frame (2008 to 2016). Ambiguous answers to PGSI items were subject to content analysis. Results: Several answers to the PGSI items contained ambiguities and misinterpretations, making it difficult to assess to what extent their answers actually indicated any problematic gambling over time. The item about feelings of guilt generated accounts rather reflecting self-recrimination over wasting money or regretting gambling as a meaningless or immoral activity. The item concerning critique involved mild interpretations such as being ridiculed for buying lottery tickets or getting comments for being boring. Similar accounts were given by the participants irrespective of initial endorsement of the items. Other possible reasons for misclassifications were related to recall bias, language difficulties, selective memory, and a tendency to answer one part of the question without taking the whole question into account. Conclusions: Answers to the PGSI can contain a variety of meanings based on the respondents’ subjective interpretations. Reports of lower levels of harm in the population should thus be interpreted with caution. In clinical settings it is important to combine use of screening instruments with interviews, to be able to better understand gamblers’ perceptions of the gambling behaviour and its negative consequences.

scholarly journals Consumer engagement with and perceptions of offshore online gambling sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2990-3010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally M Gainsbury ◽  
Alex MT Russell ◽  
Nerilee Hing ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
Gambling Market ◽  
Online Gamblers

Many jurisdictions have legalized and licensed online gambling sites. Nonetheless, a notable proportion of the online gambling market operates offshore. Offshore sites pose risks for consumers in terms of unsafe and disreputable practices, compete with domestically licensed sites and do not participate in the economies in which they operate. This study aimed to explore the extent to which Australian online gamblers use offshore as compared to domestic gambling sites, consumer attitudes and gambling-related harms. Participants ( N = 3199) completed an online survey assessing gambling behaviour, reasons for choosing sites, awareness of and impact of online gambling legislation, and problem gambling. Results show that 25.8% of online gamblers used offshore sites, and that these were more involved gamblers overall than domestic gamblers, and had greater problem gambling severity. Most online gamblers preferred domestic sites, indicating that regulation of online gambling with associated consumer protection measures may benefit those who wish to gamble online.

scholarly journals An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Investigating Self-efficacy and Outcome Expectancy as Mediators of Affective and Physiological Responses and Exercise Among Endometrial Cancer Survivors

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 320-334
Author(s):  
Yue Liao ◽  
Jaejoon Song ◽  
Michael C Robertson ◽  
Emily Cox-Martin ◽  
Karen Basen-Engquist
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Outcome Expectation ◽  
Outcome Expectancy ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown affective and physiological states in response to exercise as predictors of daily exercise, yet little is known about the mechanism underlying such effects. Purpose To examine the mediating effects of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on the relationships between affective and physiological responses to exercise and subsequent exercise levels in endometrial cancer survivors. Methods Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys were delivered up to eight 5- to 7-day periods over 6 months. Participants (n = 100) rated their affective and physiological states before and after each exercise session (predictors) and recorded their self-efficacy and outcome expectancy each morning (mediators). Exercise (outcome) was based on self-reported EMA surveys and accelerometer measures. A 1-1-1 multilevel mediation model was used to disaggregate the within-subject (WS) and between-subject (BS) effects. Results At the WS level, a more positive affective state after exercise was associated with higher self-efficacy and positive outcome expectation the next day, which in turn was associated with higher subsequent exercise levels (ps < .05). At the BS level, participants who typically had more positive affective and experienced less intense physiological sensation after exercise had higher average self-efficacy, which was associated with higher average exercise levels (ps < .05). Conclusions In endometrial cancer survivors, affective experience after exercise, daily self-efficacy and positive outcome expectation help explain the day-to-day differences in exercise levels within-person. Findings from this study highlight potentials for behavioral interventions that target affective experience after exercise and daily behavioral cognitions to promote physical activity in cancer survivors’ everyday lives.

scholarly journals The Role of Memory Associations in Excessive and Problem Gambling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgann Stiles ◽  
Amanda Hudson ◽  
Cynthia Ramasubbu ◽  
Susan Ames ◽  
Sunghwan Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Reaction Time Measure ◽  
Timeline Followback ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Memory Associations

Outcome expectancies (OEs), or beliefs about the consequences of engaging in a particular behaviour, are important predictors of addictive behaviours. In Study 1 of the present work, we assessed whether memory associations between gambling and positive outcomes are related to excessive and problem gambling. The Gambling Behaviour Outcome Association Task (G-BOAT) was administered to a sample of 96 community-recruited gamblers. On the G-BOAT, participants responded to a list of positive outcome phrases with the first two behaviours that came to mind. Those with more problematic gambling (as measured on the Problem Gambling Severity Index) and greater gambling involvement (as measured by time and money spent gambling on the Gambling Timeline Followback) responded to positive outcome phrases on the G-BOAT with more gambling-related responses. In Study 2, we administered G-BOAT to a community-recruited sample of 61 gamblers, who also completed a computerized reaction time measure of implicit gambling OEs, an explicit self-report measure of gambling OEs, and a measure of gambling frequency. Consistent with Strack and Deutch’s (2004) reflective-impulsive model, memory associations on the G-BOAT and positive OE scores on the explicit Gambling Expectancy Questionnaire each predicted unique variance in frequency of gambling behaviour. These studies are among the first to demonstrate the important role of memory associations in excessive and problem gambling.Les résultats escomptés (RE), c’est-à-dire la croyance dans les conséquences d’un comportement donné, constituent une importante variable explicative des comportements liés à la dépendance. L’étude 1 a évalué si des associations mémorielles entre le jeu et des résultats positifs sont reliées aux problèmes de jeu compulsif. La tâche d’association de résultats découlant de comportements liés au jeu (Gambling Behaviour Outcome Association Task [G-BOAT]) a été administrée à un échantillon de 96 joueurs recrutés au sein de la collectivité. Dans le cadre de la G-BOAT, une liste de locutions exprimant un résultat positif était présentée aux participants et ceux-ci devaient répondre en indiquant pour chacune des locutions les deux premiers comportements qui leur venaient à l’esprit. Ceux qui présentaient un problème de jeu plus grave (selon l’indice de jeu problématique) et qui s’adonnaient davantage au jeu (selon le suivi du temps passé à jouer et de l’argent dépensé effectué à l’aide de l’outil Gambling Timeline Followback) ont donné des réponses liées au jeu plus fréquemment que les autres. Dans le cadre de l’étude 2, la G-BOAT a été administrée à un échantillon de 61 joueurs recrutés au sein de la collectivité. Ceux-ci ont en outre fait l’objet d’une mesure informatisée du temps de réponse (TR) pour les RE liés au jeu implicites, d’une autoévaluation des RE liés au jeu explicites et d’une mesure de la fréquence des comportements liés au jeu. Conformément au modèle de réflexion et impulsion de Strack et Deutch (2004), les associations mémorielles obtenues dans le cadre de la G-BOAT et les résultats relatifs aux RE positifs obtenus dans le cadre du questionnaire sur les attentes quant au jeu ont dans les deux cas permis de prévoir une variance unique concernant la fréquence des comportements liés au jeu. Ces études fournissent ainsi un premier ensemble de données probantes relativement à l’importance des associations mémorielles dans l’apparition des problèmes de jeu compulsif.

scholarly journals In-Play Betting, Sport Broadcasts, and Gambling Severity: A Survey Study of Spanish Sports Bettors on the Risks of Betting on Sport While Watching It

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez ◽  
Mark D. Griffiths ◽  
Ana Estévez
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Responsible Gambling ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Junk Food ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
Sport Events

Fans watching live sport events, both mediated or in stadia, have witnessed an increase in sports betting products. Most of these products feature in-play betting, that is, the ability to bet on a game once it has started while watching it. In-play betting has raised many concerns among responsible gambling advocates due to its perceived relationship with problem gambling behaviour. This study explored the association between in-play betting and problem gambling. More specifically, the study examined how motives for consuming sport and how involved sports fans were in watching sport affected their gambling. Also, adjacent risk behaviours to in-play betting (such as consuming junk food and alcohol) during live sports betting were examined. Using a survey comprising 659 sports bettors from Spain, the study found that compared to participants not engaging in in-play betting, in-play bettors reported higher (i) problem gambling severity, (ii) sport watching involvement, (iii) consumption of sport to escape from everyday preoccupations, and (iv) consumption of junk food and/or alcohol while watching sport. These findings make the case that in-play betting regulators and providers should be cognizant of the interplay of sport-specific, media-related, and other risks, involved in the act of in-play betting while watching live sport.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Financial Well-Being and Changes in Reported Gambling Behaviour During the COVID-19 Shutdown in Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-157
Author(s):  
Thomas B Swanton ◽  
Martin T Burgess ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski ◽  
Sally M Gainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gambling Participation ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
The Relationship

A change in someone’s financial situation, such as a windfall gain or increased financial stress, can affect the way that they gamble. The aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between financial well-being and changes in gambling behaviour during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) shutdown. Australian past-year gamblers (N = 764; 85% male) completed an online cross-sectional survey in May 2020. Participants retrospectively reported monthly gambling participation before and after the COVID-19 shutdown, as well as their financial well-being, experience of COVID-related financial hardship, problem gambling severity, and psychological distress. Financial well-being showed strong negative associations with problem gambling and psychological distress. Neither financial well-being nor the interaction between financial well-being and problem gambling severity showed consistent evidence for predicting changes in gambling participation during the shutdown in this sample. This study provides preliminary evidence that self-reported financial well-being has a strong negative association with gambling problems but is not related to gambling participation. Future studies should link objective measures of financial well-being from bank transaction data with survey measures of problem gambling severity and experience of gambling-related harm.

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