scholarly journals Extracellular miRNAs for the Management of Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Kazumi Inokuchi ◽  
Takahiro Ochiya ◽  
Juntaro Matsuzaki

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the major histologic type of esophageal cancer (EC) in Western countries, is a disease with a poor prognosis, primarily due to usual diagnosis at an advanced stage. The prevalence of EAC has increased in recent years, both in Western countries and in Asia. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a precursor lesion of EAC. Therefore, early detection and proper management of BE and EAC is important to improve prognosis. Here, we systematically summarize current knowledge about the potential utility of extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs), which are thought to be non-invasive biomarkers for many diseases, for these purposes. A search of the PubMed and Embase databases identified 22 papers about extracellular miRNAs that have potential utility for management of EAC. Among them, 19 were EAC-related and ten were BE-related; some of these dealt with both conditions. The articles included studies reporting diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. Multiple papers report dysregulation of miR-194-5p in BE and miR-21-5p, -25-3p, and -93-5p in EAC. Although it will take time to utilize these miRNAs in clinical practice, they are likely to be useful non-invasive markers in the future.

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (51) ◽  
pp. 2040-2046

Összefoglaló. Az 1970-es évek előtt a nyelőcsőrákok csupán 1–3%-a volt adenocarcinoma. A 70-es évek közepétől a nyelőcső-adenocarcinoma mutatta a legnagyobb növekedést az összes malignus daganat közül, és a 90-es évek közepétől már meghaladta a laphámrákok előfordulási gyakoriságát a nyugati világban. Ma a nyelőcső-adenocarcinoma relatív incidenciája Magyarországon 34,7%, míg a nyugati világban már 60% körül van. A nyelőcső-adenocarcinoma etiológiájában meghatároztak néhány kockázati tényezőt, így a gastrooesophagealis refluxot, a Barrett-nyelőcsövet, a kóros kövérséget, a dohányzást és a csökkenő Helicobacter pylori fertőzöttséget. Ezek a tényezők azonban jelen voltak már a 70-es évek előtt is. A kövérség előfordulásának gyakorisága és a következményes gastrooesophagealis reflux megduplázódott az elmúlt 40 évben, de ez egyedül nem magyarázza az adenocarcinomák szaporodásának ütemét. Egy új, hatékony savcsökkentő gyógyszercsoportnak, a H2-receptor-blokkolóknak a bevezetésére 1976-ban került sor, és ez egybeesik a szokatlanul nagy incidencianövekedéssel. Tom DeMeester teóriája szerint a savcsökkentő kezelés által létrehozott pH-változás okozhatja a refluxátum carcinogenitasának fokozódását. A Barrett-oesophagus és a nyelőcső-adenocarcinoma etiológiájában, megelőzésében és kezelésében számos ellentmondás és vitás kérdés tapasztalható, különösen a protonpumpagátló gyógyszerek (PPI-k) hosszú távú használata körül. A PPI-k hatásossága a gyógyszer túlzott alkalmazásához vezetett nem mindig megfelelő indikációban, kitéve a betegeket potenciális kockázatoknak. Összefoglalva, a nyelőcső-adenocarcinoma drámai növekedésében biztosan szerepet játszik az elhízás és a refluxbetegség ezzel párhuzamos terjedése. Fontos továbbá a H. pylori fertőzöttség csökkenése, és új szempont a hatásos savcsökkentő szerek széles körű alkalmazása, melyek a refluxátumban okozott pH-változással erősíthetik a carcinogenesist. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(51): 2040–2046. Summary. Before the 1970s, only 1–3% of esophageal cancers were adenocarcinoma. Since the mid-70s, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has shown the greatest increase compared to all other cancer types and overtook squamous carcinoma incidence in the mid-90s in the Western countries. Today, the relative incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Hungary is 34.7% and around 60% in the Western countries. Some risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma have been identified such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, obesity, smoking and decreased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, but these risk factors were already present before the 70s. The prevalence of obesity and the consequentially developed gastroesophageal reflux has doubled during the last 40 years, but it does not explain alone the dramatic rise in the esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. The H2 blockers, as new effective antisecretory medication, were introduced in 1976, coinciding in time with the substantial rise of esophageal adenocarcinoma. According to the DeMeester theory, the change in the pH of gastric refluxate caused by acid suppression enhances its carcinogenic potential. There are a lot of controversies among the prevention, etiology and treatment of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, especially regarding the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), an even more effective group of acid suppressors. The effectiveness of PPIs has led to an overuse exceeding its regular indications with little benefit, exposing patients to a number of potential risks. In conclusion, in the dramatic rise of the esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence, obesity accompanied by reflux disease and the decreased incidence of H. pylori infection certainly play important roles. The introduction of modern antisecretory drugs in the treatment of acid-related diseases promoting carcinogenesis, arises as a new consideration. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(51): 2040–2046.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2003
Author(s):  
Caitlin Guccione ◽  
Rena Yadlapati ◽  
Shailja Shah ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
Kit Curtius

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) claims the lives of half of patients within the first year of diagnosis, and its incidence has rapidly increased since the 1970s despite extensive research into etiological factors. The changes in the microbiome within the distal esophagus in modern populations may help explain the growth in cases that other common EAC risk factors together cannot fully explain. The precursor to EAC is Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a metaplasia adapted to a reflux-mediated microenvironment that can be challenging to diagnose in patients who do not undergo endoscopic screening. Non-invasive procedures to detect microbial communities in saliva, oral swabs and brushings from the distal esophagus allow us to characterize taxonomic differences in bacterial population abundances within patients with BE versus controls, and may provide an alternative means of BE detection. Unique microbial communities have been identified across healthy esophagus, BE, and various stages of progression to EAC, but studies determining dynamic changes in these communities, including migration from proximal stomach and oral cavity niches, and their potential causal role in cancer formation are lacking. Helicobacter pylori is negatively associated with EAC, and the absence of this species has been implicated in the evolution of chromosomal instability, a main driver of EAC, but joint analyses of microbiome and host genomes are needed. Acknowledging technical challenges, future studies on the prediction of microbial dynamics and evolution within BE and the progression to EAC will require larger esophageal microbiome datasets, improved bioinformatics pipelines, and specialized mathematical models for analysis.


2016 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. S625
Author(s):  
Prabhu Ramamoorthy ◽  
Sreekar Vennelaganti ◽  
Prashanth Vennalaganti ◽  
Abhiram Duvvuri ◽  
Neil Gupta ◽  
...  

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