scholarly journals In Full Force. Mechanotransduction and Morphogenesis during Homeostasis and Tissue Regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Tsata ◽  
Dimitris Beis
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Endothelial Shear Stress ◽  
Full Force ◽  
And Function ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Hemodynamic Flow

The interactions of form and function have been the focus of numerous studies in the context of development and more recently regeneration. Our understanding on how cells, tissues and organs sense and interpret external cues, such as mechanical forces, is becoming deeper as novel techniques in imaging are applied and the relevant signaling pathways emerge. These cellular responses can be found from bacteria to all multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. In this review, we focus on hemodynamic flow and endothelial shear stress during cardiovascular development and regeneration, where the interactions of morphogenesis and proper function are more prominent. In addition, we address the recent literature on the role of extracellular matrix and fibrotic response during tissue repair and regeneration. Finally, we refer to examples where the integration of multi-disciplinary approaches to understand the biomechanics of cellular responses could be utilized in novel medical applications.

ORTHODONTIC PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-721
Author(s):  
T. M. GRABER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
And Function ◽  
Jaw Development

ONE of the most important phases of oral health is the form and function of the oral mechanism. That specialty of dentistry which has as its goal the correction of dental malformations and restoration of the continuity and proper function of the teeth and jaws is called orthodontics. While parents have long been concerned with the obvious esthetic disabilities of malposed teeth, the pathologic implications of these malposed teeth have been the primary concern of the orthodontist. Frequently, tooth malpositions or dental malocclusions reflect growth and developmental disturbances of the upper and lower jaws. Crooked teeth are unsightly, but more important, they probably are functioning improperly, or not at all, which seriously impairs the health and longevity of the teeth and investing tissues. Recent studies of facial growth indicate that dental malocclusions may be grouped in three morphologic categories, on the basis of jaw development and individual tooth malpositions. First, are those types of disturbances which are primarily skeletal in nature. These are problems where the maxilla or mandible has assumed an abnormal relationship to one another, usually through an upset in the timetable of normal development. The teeth in each dental arch may be normal in their position when compared to their respective jaws, but the abnormal jaw relationship means that the upper and lower teeth meet improperly during mastication, deglutition and speech. The second group consists of relatively local disturbances, with the teeth malposed, but with normal jaw relationship. The third group is a combination of the first two, with both improper jaw relationship and with teeth in abnormal positions. Within these three broad categories one may find all sorts of tooth malpositions and jaw relationships; the premaxillary segment may be displaced anteriorly, the whole lower dental arch may be retruded, the upper cuspids may be erupting in the palate, etc. Such conditions may be separate or occur in combination.

Molecular Paleontology and Biochemical Evolution

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Gaines ◽  
Geoffrey Eglinton ◽  
Jürgen Rullkötter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
Unicellular Algae ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Function ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Molecular Paleontology

Carl Woese’s drive for a unified system of biological classification didn’t just open the microbial world to exploration: it reshuffled the entire taxonomic system and revolutionized the way that biologists study evolution, reigniting interest in preanimal evolution. Studies of evolution from the mid-nineteenth through most of the twentieth century relied on the comparison of forms in living and fossil organisms and were limited to the complex multicellular organisms that developed over the past 550 million years. In other words, much was known about the evolution of animals and land plants that left distinctive hard fossils, and very little was known about the unicellular algae and microorganisms that occupied the seas for most of the earth’s history. Woese’s Tree of Life, derived from nucleic acid sequences in ribosomal RNA, has revealed ancestral relationships that form and function don’t even hint at, allowing biologists to look beyond the rise of multicellular life and link it with less differentiated, more primal forms—which was precisely Woese’s intention. But evolution is a history, not just a family tree of relationships. If the information stored in the genes of extant organisms is to provide true insight into that history, it needs to be anchored in time, linked to extinct organisms and to past environments. Ultimately, we must look to the record in the rocks and sediments, just as paleontologists and biologists have been doing for the past two centuries. In Darwin’s time, that record comprised rocks from the past 550 million years, a span of time that geologists now call the Phanerozoic eon, based on Greek words meaning visible or evident life. The eon began with the rocks of the Cambrian period, in which nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century paleontologists discovered a fabulous assortment of fossils—traces of trilobites, anemones, shrimp, and other multicellular animals that were completely missing from any of the earlier strata. Thousands of new animals and plants, including representatives of almost all contemporary groups, as well as hundreds of now-extinct ones, appeared so suddenly between 542 and 530 million years ago that paleontologists refer to the phenomenon as the Cambrian “explosion.”

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

Re-examining the form and function of superstition

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Fluke ◽  
Russell J. Webster ◽  
Donald A. Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

A New Form and Function for Personality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Wilt ◽  
William Revelle
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
New Form ◽  
And Function
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