scholarly journals Two Decades of Invasive Western Corn Rootworm Population Monitoring in Croatia

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Mrganić ◽  
Renata Bažok ◽  
Katarina Mikac ◽  
Hugo Benítez ◽  
Darija Lemic
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
National Monitoring

Western corn rootworm (WCR) is the worst pest of maize in the United States, and since its spread through Europe, WCR is now recognized as the most serious pest affecting maize production. After the beetle’s first detection in Serbia in 1992, neighboring countries such as Croatia have established a national monitoring program. For more than two decades WCR adult population abundance and variability was monitored. With traditional density monitoring, more recent genetic monitoring, and the newest morphometric monitoring of WCR populations, Croatia possesses a great deal of knowledge about the beetle’s invasion process over time and space. Croatia’s position in Europe is unique as no other European nation has demonstrated such a detailed and complete understanding of an invasive insect. The combined use of traditional monitoring (attractant cards), which can be effectively used to predict population abundance, and modern monitoring procedures, such as population genetics and geometric morphometrics, has been effectively used to estimate inter- and intra-population variation. The combined application of traditional and modern monitoring techniques will enable more efficient control and management of WCR across Europe. This review summarizes the research on WCR in Croatia from when it was first detected in 1992 until 2018. An outline of future research needs is provided.

scholarly journals Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm: Effects of Pest Biology, the Pest–Crop Interaction and the Agricultural Landscape on Resistance

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Aaron Gassmann
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Resistance Evolution

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is among the most serious pests of maize in the United States. Since 2003, transgenic maize that produces insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used to manage western corn rootworm by killing rootworm larvae, which feed on maize roots. In 2009, the first cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize were documented. These cases occurred in Iowa and involved maize that produced Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Since then, resistance has expanded to include other geographies and additional Bt toxins, with some rootworm populations displaying resistance to all commercially available Bt traits. Factors that contributed to field-evolved resistance likely included non-recessive inheritance of resistance, minimal fitness costs of resistance and limited adult dispersal. Additionally, because maize is the primary agricultural crop on which rootworm larvae can survive, continuous maize cultivation, in particular continuous cultivation of Bt maize, appears to be another key factor facilitating resistance evolution. More diversified management of rootworm larvae, including rotating fields out of maize production and using soil-applied insecticide with non-Bt maize, in addition to planting refuges of non-Bt maize, should help to delay the evolution of resistance to current and future transgenic traits.

Machine Learning Techniques to Identify and Characterize Sleep Disorders Using Biosignals

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Mercedes Barrachina ◽  
Laura Valenzuela López
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Future Research Directions

Sleep disorders are related to many different diseases, and they could have a significant impact in patients' health, causing an economic impact to the society and to the national health systems. In the United States, according to information from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, those disorders are affecting 50-70 million in the adult population. Sleep disorders are causing annually around 40,000 deaths due to cardiovascular problems, and they cost the health system more than 16 billion. In other countries, such as in Spain, those disorders affect up to 48% of the adult population. The main objective of this chapter is to review and evaluate the different machine learning techniques utilized by researchers and medical professionals to identify, assess, and characterize sleep disorders. Moreover, some future research directions are proposed considering the evaluated area.

Compulsive Buying Disorder: A Review of the Evidence

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Marital Therapy ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Compulsive Buying ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Financial Counseling ◽  
Compulsive Buying Disorder

ABSTRACTCompulsive buying disorder is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding shopping and spending that lead to subjective distress or impaired functioning. Compulsive buying disorder is estimated to have a lifetime prevalence of 5.8% in the United States general adult population. In clinical settings, most individuals with compulsive buying disorder are women (∼80%).This gender difference may be artifactual. Compulsive buying disorder is typically chronic or intermittent, with an age of onset in the late teens or early 20s. Comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other disorders of impulse control are common, as are Axis II disorders. The disorder occurs worldwide, mainly in developed countries with market-based economies, and it tends to run in families with mood disorders and substance abuse. There is no standard treatment for compulsive buying disorder, but group cognitive-behavioral models seem promising, and psychopharmacologic treatments are being actively studied. Other treatment options include simplicity circles, 12-step programs, financial counseling, bibliotherapy, marital therapy, and financial counseling. Directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals RNAi for Western Corn Rootworm Management: Lessons Learned, Challenges, and Future Directions

Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Molly Darlington ◽  
Jordan D. Reinders ◽  
Amit Sethi ◽  
Albert L. Lu ◽  
Partha Ramaseshadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Commercial Use

The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is considered one of the most economically important pests of maize (Zea mays L.) in the United States (U.S.) Corn Belt with costs of management and yield losses exceeding USD ~1–2 billion annually. WCR management has proven challenging given the ability of this insect to evolve resistance to multiple management strategies including synthetic insecticides, cultural practices, and plant-incorporated protectants, generating a constant need to develop new management tools. One of the most recent developments is maize expressing double-stranded hairpin RNA structures targeting housekeeping genes, which triggers an RNA interference (RNAi) response and eventually leads to insect death. Following the first description of in planta RNAi in 2007, traits targeting multiple genes have been explored. In June 2017, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved the first in planta RNAi product against insects for commercial use. This product expresses a dsRNA targeting the WCR snf7 gene in combination with Bt proteins (Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1) to improve trait durability and will be introduced for commercial use in 2022.

scholarly journals Characterization of Thermal and Time Exposure to Improve Artificial Diet for Western Corn Rootworm Larvae

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Man P. Huynh ◽  
Adriano E. Pereira ◽  
Ryan W. Geisert ◽  
Michael G. Vella ◽  
Thomas A. Coudron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera ◽  
Time Exposure ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Linear Effects

The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, is the most serious pest of maize in the United States. In pursuit of developing a diet free of antibiotics for WCR, we characterized effects of thermal exposure (50–141 °C) and length of exposure on quality of WCRMO-2 diet measured by life history parameters of larvae (weight, molting, and survival) reared on WCRMO-2 diet. Our results indicated that temperatures had non-linear effects on performance of WCRMO-2 diet, and no impacts were observed on the length of time exposure. The optimum temperature of diet processing was 60 °C for a duration less than 30 min. A significant decline in development was observed in larvae reared on WCRMO-2 diet pretreated above 75 °C. Exposing WCRMO-2 diet to high temperatures (110–141 °C) even if constrained for brief duration (0.9–2.3 s) caused 2-fold reduction in larval weight and significant delays in larval molting but no difference in survival for 10 days compared with the control diet prepared at 65 °C for 10 min. These findings provide insights into the effects of thermal exposure in insect diet processing.

scholarly journals Genetic and Morphological Approach for Western Corn Rootworm Resistance Management

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Martina Kadoić Balaško ◽  
Katarina M. Mikac ◽  
Hugo A. Benítez ◽  
Renata Bažok ◽  
Darija Lemic
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Population Genetic Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Genetic Results

The western corn rootworm (WCR), is one of the most serious pests of maize in the United States. In this study, we aimed to find a reliable pattern of difference related to resistance type using population genetic and geometric morphometric approaches. To perform a detailed population genetic analysis of the whole genome, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. For the morphometric analyses, hindwings of the resistant and non-resistant WCR populations from a laboratory in the US were used. Genetic results showed that there were some differences among the resistant US populations. The low value of pairwise FST = 0.0181 estimated suggests a lack of genetic differentiation and structuring among the putative populations genotyped. However, STRUCTURE analysis revealed three genetic clusters. Heterozygosity estimates (HO and HE) over all loci and populations were very similar. There was no exact pattern, and resistance could be found throughout the whole genome. The geometric morphometric results confirmed the genetic results, with the different genetic populations showing similar wing shape. Our results also confirmed that the hindwings of WCR carry valuable genetic information. This study highlights the ability of geometric morphometrics to capture genetic patterns and provides a reliable and low-cost alternative for preliminary estimation of population structure. The combined use of SNPs and geometric morphometrics to detect resistant variants is a novel approach where morphological traits can provide additional information about underlying population genetics, and morphology can retain useful information about genetic structure. Additionally, it offers new insights into an important and ongoing area of pest management on how to prevent or delay pest evolution towards resistant populations, minimizing the negative impacts of resistance.

scholarly journals Glaciological measurements and mass balances from Sperry Glacier, Montana, USA, years 2005–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Clark ◽  
Daniel B. Fagre ◽  
Erich H. Peitzsch ◽  
Blase A. Reardon ◽  
Joel T. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Surface Mass

Abstract. Glacier mass balance measurements help to provide an understanding of the behavior of glaciers and their response to local and regional climate. In 2005 the United States Geological Survey established a surface mass balance monitoring program on Sperry Glacier, Montana, USA. This project is the first quantitative study of mass changes of a glacier in the US northern Rocky Mountains and continues to the present. The following paper describes the methods used during the first 11 years of measurements and reports the associated results. From 2005 to 2015, Sperry Glacier had a cumulative mean mass balance loss of 4.37 m w.e. (water equivalent). The mean winter, summer, and annual glacier-wide mass balances were 2.92, −3.41, and −0.40 m w.e. yr−1 respectively. We derive these cumulative and mean results from an expansive data set of snow depth, snow density, and ablation measurements taken at selected points on the glacier. These data allow for the determination of mass balance point values and a time series of seasonal and annual glacier-wide mass balances for all 11 measurement years. We also provide measurements of glacier extent and accumulation areas for select years. All data have been submitted to the World Glacier Monitoring Service and are available at doi:10.5904/wgms-fog-2016-08. This foundational work provides valuable insight about Sperry Glacier and supplies additional data to the worldwide record of glaciers measured using the glaciological method. Future research will focus on the processes that control accumulation and ablation patterns across the glacier. Also we plan to examine the uncertainties related to our methods and eventually quantify a more robust estimate of error associated with our results.

EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.S. Xie ◽  
D. Gagnon ◽  
J.T. Arnason ◽  
B.J.R. Philogène ◽  
J.D.H. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera Leconte

Corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a serious pest insect of corn production. It is estimated that farmers in the United States have losses of over $1 billion each year as a result of crop damage and treatment costs for this pest (Metcalf 1986). Chemical control is the main method of suppressing corn rootworm populations and the amount of insecticide used against Diabrotica spp. is greater than for any other pests of corn in the United States (Suguiyama and Carlson 1985). The development of nontoxic and biodegradable alternatives to chemical insecticides is highly desirable.

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