scholarly journals Effect of Hypoxia on the Lethal Mortality Time of Adult Sitophilus oryzae L

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Pragya Kandel ◽  
Michael E. Scharf ◽  
Linda J. Mason ◽  
Dieudonne Baributsa
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Hermetic Storage ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Modified Atmospheres ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Income Insecurity

Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most destructive pests of stored grains. It leads to significant quantitative and qualitative losses, resulting in food and income insecurity among farmers. Chemical pesticides are the most common methods used by farmers and other grain value chain actors to manage this pest. However, pesticides are increasingly becoming unattractive for pest control due to health hazards posed to applicators, consumers, the environment, and insect resistance. Modified atmospheres have the potential to manage stored insect pests as an alternative to pesticides. There is limited understanding of when insect pests die when grain is stored in airtight containers. This experiment was conducted to assess the time required to reach mortality of adult S. oryzae when exposed to 1, 3, and 5% oxygen levels. Results revealed that the LT50 for 1, 3, and 5% of oxygen were reached after 69.7 h, 187.8 h, and 386.6 h of exposure, respectively. No adult emergence was observed on infested grains following exposure to 1 and 3% oxygen levels. This result provides vital rationale for storing grain in hermetic storage conditions for at least 39 days to achieve adult S. oryzae mortality and minimize grain reinfestation.

Air-tight storage of grain; its effects on insect pests. I. Calandra granaria L.(Coleoptera, Curculionidae).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
SW Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cent Mortality ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Time Required

The responses of adult and immature Calandra granaria L. to high concentrations of carbon dioxide and low concentrations of oxygen have been determined. To bring about 100 per cent. mortality of all stages requires an increase of carbon dioxide to 40 per cent. or a decrease of oxygen to 2 per cent. The respiratory quotient of the species has been measured and it is shown that the death of the insects, under air-tight grain storage conditions, is due to the depletion of oxygen caused by the respiration of the insects and the grain and not to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. The adult insects are the most resistant stage and the first insects larvae the most susceptible. Estimates for the time required for the insects to die and for the amount of damage they cause before death are given.

scholarly journals Effects of Hypoxia on Acoustic Activity of Two Stored-Product Pests, Adult Emergence, and Grain Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1989-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia W Njoroge ◽  
Richard W Mankin ◽  
Bradley Smith ◽  
Dieudonne Baributsa
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Acoustic Activity ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Grain Damage

Abstract Modified atmospheres such as hermetic storage are widely used for the control of stored grain insect pests. To improve their effectiveness, there is need to better understand insect responses to low-oxygen environments. Adult Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) on cowpea and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat were exposed to hypoxia treatments consisting of 1, 3, and 5% oxygen levels for 14 d. Acoustic activity was monitored during the experiment, and insect mortality and grain quality were examined immediately after the hypoxia treatments. Adult emergence was assessed 45 d post-treatment. All three hypoxia treatments eliminated acoustic activity of both species within 4 d. There was neither insect survival for both species nor significant grain damage immediately after 14-d exposure to hypoxia treatments. No adult insects emerged 45 d post-exposure on grains maintained at 1% oxygen level for 14 d. However, at 3 and 5% oxygen levels, there were eggs on cowpea, holes in wheat, and emerging adults for both insect species 45 d post-exposure. Although insect activity ceased within 4 d when hypoxia was maintained below 5%, there is need to explore exposure beyond 14 d for 3 and 5% oxygen levels, to ensure to avoid potential adult emergence from eggs and other insect life stages post-treatments. Maintaining 3–5% hypoxia conditions for a longer duration would ensure insufficient oxygen is available for progeny development.

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affect Efficacy of Chlorfenapyr for Control of Stored-Product Insect Pests

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1288-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICKOLAS G. KAVALLIERATOS ◽  
CHRISTOS G. ATHANASSIOU ◽  
ANN N. HATZIKONSTANTINOU ◽  
HELEN N. KAVALLIERATOU
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Grain Protectant

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess pyrole chlorfenapyr as a potential grain protectant against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, Prostephanus truncatus, Tribolium confusum, and Liposcelis bostrychophila. Factors such as dose (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 ppm), exposure interval (7 and 14 days), temperature (20, 25, and 30°C), relative humidity (RH; 55 and 75%), and commodity (wheat, maize, barley, and paddy rice) were evaluated. Progeny production was assessed after 74 days of exposure. For L. bostrychophila and T. confusum the increase of dose increased mortality. After 7 or 14 days of exposure, mortality was low at doses of ≤1 ppm and did not exceed 23 or 36%, respectively, for L. bostrychophila or 13 or 58%, respectively, for T. confusum. After 14 days of exposure, mortality of S. oryzae at 30°C and 75% RH was 82.2%. Mortality of P. truncatus was considerably higher than that of the other species. At 0.5 ppm, mortality exceeded 81% after 7 days of exposure and 91% after 14 days of exposure. Progeny production of L. bostrychophila was extremely high. Very few progeny were found for T. confusum. For S. oryzae, offspring emergence was high, except at 20°C and 55% RH. For P. truncatus, progeny production in the treated maize was not avoided, even at 10 ppm. In the case of S. oryzae, at 0.1 ppm and after 14 days of exposure, mortality in wheat was higher than in the other three commodities. For R. dominica, mortality was low at 0.1 and 1 ppm for paddy rice but reached 74.4% in barley after 14 days of exposure. For T. confusum, mortality was low at 0.1 and 1 ppm in all commodities. For progeny production counts, for S. oryzae or R. dominica, adult emergence was higher in paddy rice than in the other three commodities. Finally, overall T. confusum progeny was low. Chlorfenapyr efficacy varied remarkably among the combinations tested, and it may be a viable grain protectant in combination with other insecticides.

scholarly journals Survey on maize post-harvest losses and its management practices in the western hills of Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghanashyam Bhandari ◽  
Bhuddhi Bahadur Achhami ◽  
Tika Bahadur Karki ◽  
Balram Bhandari ◽  
Gopal Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Village Development Committee ◽  
Open Floor

A survey was conducted in order to assess the losses of maize under farmers’ storage conditions in the Western hills of Nepal in 2014. The survey area included Thanapati Village Development Committee (VDC) of Gulmi, Aalamdebi VDC of Syangja, Khasauli VDC of Palpa and Baglung municipality-12, Baglung district. Primary information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires among the heterogenous groups of the farming communities. Survey revealed that about 61% respondents reported the storage pest as the major pests and about 12% respondents reported that field pests as the major pests in the western hills. Maize weevil (Sitophylus zeamais Mostsch.) and Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.) were found to be major storage insect pests in surveyed areas. Majority of respondents (39%) presumed on 10-20% losses during storage. Among the other biotic factors, farmers ranked insect (42%), weeds (32%) and diseases (17%) respectively. Maize storage methods had distinct among the surveyed areas compared with Baglung district to other surveyed areas. In Baglung, about (73%) farmers had stored maize in the form of grain whereas in Palpa, Gulmi and Syangja, about (77%) farmers had practice of storing maize with husk for 5-7 months. Approximately, 40% respondents were using open floor in upper stair “Aanti”as a major maize storage place in Palpa, Gulmi and Syangja whereas almost (79%) of respondents were using sacks to store shelled grains in Baglung. Hence, there is ample opportunity to reduce the storage losses of maize depending upon the existing situation.Journal of Maize Research and Development (2015) 1(1):98-105DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34288

scholarly journals Influence of Different Filling, Cooling, and Storage Conditions on the Growth of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris CRA7152 in Orange Juice

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (23) ◽  
pp. 7409-7416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia N. F. Spinelli ◽  
Anderson S. Sant'Ana ◽  
Salatir Rodrigues-Junior ◽  
Pilar R. Massaguer
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Alicyclobacillus Acidoterrestris ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cold Point ◽  
And Storage ◽  
A Current

ABSTRACT The prevention of spoilage by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a current challenge for fruit juice and beverage industries worldwide due to the bacterium's acidothermophilic growth capability, heat resistance, and spoilage potential. This study examined the effect of storage temperature on A. acidoterrestris growth in hot-filled orange juice. The evolution of the A. acidoterrestris population was monitored under six different storage conditions after pasteurization (at 92°C for 10 s), maintenance at 85°C for 150 s, and cooling with water spray to 35°C in about 30 min and using two inoculum levels: <101 and 101 spores/ml. Final cooling and storage conditions were as follows: treatment 1, 30°C for the bottle cold point and storage at 35°C; treatment 2, 30°C for 48 h and storage at 35°C; treatment 3, 25°C for the bottle cold point and storage at 35°C; treatment 4, 25°C for 48 h and storage at 35°C; treatment 5, storage at 20°C (control); and treatment 6, filling and storage at 25°C. It was found that only in treatment 5 did the population remain inhibited during the 6 months of orange juice shelf life. By examining treatments 1 to 4, it was observed that A. acidoterrestris predicted growth parameters were significantly influenced (P < 0.05) either by inoculum level or cooling and storage conditions. The time required to reach a 104 CFU/ml population of A. acidoterrestris was considered to be an adequate parameter to indicate orange juice spoilage by A. acidoterrestris. Therefore, hot-filled orange juice should be stored at or below 20°C to avoid spoilage by this microorganism. This procedure can be considered a safe and inexpensive alternative to other treatments proposed earlier.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Improved Hermetic Storage Structures Against Maize Storage Insect Pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Tadele Tefera ◽  
Addis Teshome ◽  
Charles Singano
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Hermetic Storage ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Small Holder Farmers ◽  
Storage Structures

A study was conducted for 12 months to evaluate the effectiveness of two improved hermetic storage structures against two maize storage pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus at Liwufu Research Station, Malawi. The storages were metal silo and hermetic bag; Actellic super dust was included as a control. The treatments (storages) were replicated four times under natural and artificial infestations. Grain stored in metal silo had the lowest mean percentage weight loss, 1.04% to 1.25%, 12 months after storage followed by hermetic bag, 2.46% to 6.64%. Grain treated with Actellic super had the highest weight loss, 4.86% to 18.72%. The study showed that hermetic storage structures can be promoted as effective alternative non-chemical methods of grain storage for small holder farmers in Malawi.

scholarly journals Insectos plaga de granos almacenados. Impacto en la seguridad alimentaria del municipio Las Tunas, Cuba

2016 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Dayami Laguna Ávila ◽  
Carlos Pupo Feria ◽  
Gladia González Ramírez ◽  
Alina Espeek González
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Stored Grains ◽  
Bruchus Pisorum

Insects pest of stored grains. Impact on food security of Las Tunas municipality, Cuba Resumen Con el objetivo de determinar las especies de insectos plaga en granos almacenados para la obtención de información que contribuyan al manejo de sus poblaciones y minimizar las pérdidas que influyen en la seguridad alimentaria de la población, se realizó un estudio en la Unidad 639 de la Empresa Mayorista de Productos Alimenticios del municipio Las Tunas, Cuba, en el período de enero del año 2011 hasta diciembre del año 2013. En el estudio se colectaron e identificaron 26 especies de insectos plaga en las naves, distribuidas en 19 géneros y 12 familias, pertenecientes a tres órdenes, de ellas, 23 especies cosmopolitas y de amplia distribución en Cuba. Las principales especies de insectos plaga encontradas fueron Tribolium castaneum; Ahasverus advena; Bruchus pisorum; Sitophilus oryzae; Ephestia sp. y Liposcelis sp. El hospedante con mayor frecuencia de aparición de las especies de insectos plaga fue el arroz, seguido por el frijol y el chícharo. Palabras clave: almacenes; cereal; plagas Abstract In order to determine the species of insect pests in stored grains to obtain information that contribute to the management of their populations and minimize losses that influence the food security of the population, a study was carried out in Unit 639 of the Company Wholesaler of Food Products of the municipality Las Tunas, Cuba, in the period from January 2011 until December 2013. The study collected and identified 26 species of insect pests in the ships, distributed in 19 genera and 12 families, belonging to three orders, of which 23 species are cosmopolitan and widely distributed in Cuba. The main species of pest insects found were Tribolium castaneum; Ahasverus advena; Bruchus pisorum; Sitophilus oryzae; Ephestia sp. and Liposcelis sp. The host with the highest frequency of appearance of insect pests was rice, followed by beans and peas. Keywords:  Insect pests; storage; food safety.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Insects in Traditionally Stored Rice at Farmhouses in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Rice Moth ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Meal Worm ◽  
Storage Structures ◽  
Control Insect

A survey was conducted to investigate rice storage practices at the farmer’s level and the prevalence of insects’ status through a pretested questionnaire in Mymensingh and Jashore districts, Bangladesh. For seed purposes, large, medium, and small farmers store about 40, 10, and 5 kg, respectively in the Aman season for 7 months whereas in the Boro season large and medium farmers keep about 80 and 20 kg for 5 months. Average storage time was the highest (7 months) for Boro and Aman rice by large and small farmers, respectively for consumption. Eleven storage items namely, Dole, Motka, Tin, Plastic Drum, Gunny Bag, Bamboo Gola, Dhari, Bamboo Auri, Berh, Steel Drum, and Plastic Bag were found. About 57 and 74% of farmers stored rice, among them 47 and 58% used traditional Dole in Jashore and Mymensingh, respectively. Tin and Berh (1%) were the least used storage structures. About 11 and 17%; 3 and 4% of farmers used neem leaf and chemicals especially phostoxin in storage as an insect repellent in these areas, respectively. The use of Plastic Bags increased sharply due to lightweight, availability, and low price, whereas Bamboo Gola, Berh, Motka users decreased remarkably. Relative abundance of the insect species was: Rice Moth Sitotroga cerealla, Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae, Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castoreum, and Lesser Meal Worm Alphitobious diaperinus. Maximum insect infestation was found in stored paddy in Dole followed by Motka, and Plastic Bag; and the least amount was observed in Plastic Drum in both regions. Three fourth of the respondents took no measures to control insect pests in stored rice.

scholarly journals USE OF INDIGENOUS ISOLATES OF METARHIZIUM, ISARIA AND BEAUVERIA AS POTENTIAL BIO-CONTROL AGENTS AGAINST Sitophilus oryzae UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 1037-1044
Author(s):  
Saif-Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Multiple Dose ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
New Class ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Dose Comparison ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Conidial Concentration

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are suggested as a new class of alternates followed by Synthetic chemical control of the insect pests .Virulence of seven EPF isolates, four strains of Metarhizium {(Qin-08, Qin-13, Qin-18 and ME-38 (LT-178)}, two of Isaria {ME-33 (ILT-01), Yulin-5 (IYL-01)} and one of Beauveria bassiana (Qin-21) were assessed against the adults of Sitophilus oryzae under laboratory conditions, firstly at single conidial concentration (1x108 ml-1 ) by immersion and the food mix methods. Qin-21, ME-33 and Qin-18 caused significantly highest mortality of S.oryzae at immersion methods (100, 100 and 98%), followed by food mix method to 100, 84.16 and 91.66% respectively. Yulin-5 was the least effective, showing significantly the lowest mortality at food mixed (32.49%) and immersion methods (40.20%) respectively. Hence, the immersion method was found to be most effective, resulting the higher mortality rate of S. oryzae in comparison to food mix method, in all tested fungal isolates. Secondly, we screened out the most effective isolates for multiple dose comparison i.e., 1x104 to 1x107 conidia ml-1 by immersion method only. The isolate ME-33 resulted in 100% mortality of the pest at higher conidial dose as compared to Qin-21 and Qin-18 which showing 80 and 64.64% mortality respectively. The LT50 was observed to be 3.63, 4.17 and 8.58 days in ME-33, Qin-21 and Qin-18, respectively at the highest conidial concentration (1x107ml-1 ). ME-33 isolate with the highest mortality and lowest LT50 at conidial concentration 1x107 ml-1 proved to be most effective for the control of S. oryzae. So these fungal islotes could be a better alternative for the management of S. oryzae

scholarly journals Minimization of energy transduction confers resistance to phosphine in the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeongnam Kim ◽  
Jeong Oh Yang ◽  
Jae-Yoon Sung ◽  
Ji-Young Lee ◽  
Jeong Sun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Metabolism ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Energy Transduction ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Genes Encoding

Abstract Infestation of phosphine (PH3) resistant insects threatens global grain reserves. PH3 fumigation controls rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) but not highly resistant insect pests. Here, we investigated naturally occurring strains of S. oryzae that were moderately resistant (MR), strongly resistant (SR), or susceptible (wild-type; WT) to PH3 using global proteome analysis and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Both PH3 resistant (PH3–R) strains exhibited higher susceptibility to ethyl formate-mediated inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase than the WT strain, whereas the disinfectant PH3 concentration time of the SR strain was much longer than that of the MR strain. Unlike the MR strain, which showed altered expression levels of genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in catabolic pathways that minimize metabolic burden, the SR strain showed changes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Our results suggest that the acquisition of strong PH3 resistance necessitates the avoidance of oxidative phosphorylation through the accumulation of a few non-synonymous mutations in mitochondrial genes encoding complex I subunits as well as nuclear genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, concomitant with metabolic reprogramming, a recognized hallmark of cancer metabolism. Taken together, our data suggest that reprogrammed metabolism represents a survival strategy of SR insect pests for the compensation of minimized energy transduction under anoxic conditions. Therefore, understanding the resistance mechanism of PH3–R strains will support the development of new strategies to control insect pests.

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