scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Eight Mitogenomes of Bark Beetles and Their Phylogenetic Implications

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 949
Author(s):  
Huicong Du ◽  
Jiaxing Fang ◽  
Xia Shi ◽  
Sufang Zhang ◽  
Fu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications

Many bark beetles of the subfamily Scolytinae are the most economically important insect pests of coniferous forests worldwide. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of eight bark beetle species, including Dendroctonus micans, Orthotomicus erosus, Polygraphus poligraphus, Dryocoetes hectographus, Ips nitidus, Ips typographus, Ips subelongatus, and Ips hauseri, to examine their structural characteristics and determine their phylogenetic relationships. We also used previously published mitochondrial genome sequence data from other Scolytinae species to identify and localize the eight species studied within the bark beetle phylogeny. Their gene arrangement matched the presumed ancestral pattern of these bark beetles. Start and stop codon usage, amino acid abundance, and the relative codon usage frequencies were conserved among bark beetles. Genetic distances between species ranged from 0.037 to 0.418, and evolutionary rates of protein-coding genes ranged from 0.07 for COI to 0.69 for ND2. Our results shed light on the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of several bark beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae and highlight the need for further sequencing analyses and taxonomic revisions in additional bark beetle species.

PHEROMONES IN IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1967-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Vité ◽  
A. Bakke ◽  
J. A. A. Renwick
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Host Material ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
Contact Pheromones ◽  
Functional Types ◽  
Feeding Aggregation

AbstractComparative gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles generated by Ips indicate the presence of cis- and trans-verbenol in hindguts of the 12 species investigated. The biosynthesis of verbenol does not require feeding, but instead results from the insect’s contact with oleoresin. Ipsdienol is the most frequently occurring pheromone in Ips species after feeding. Aggregation of these bark beetles appears to be regulated by two distinct functional types of pheromones, i.e. contact pheromones, produced and/or released upon contact with new host material, and frass pheromones, which require actual feeding in the new host’s tissues. The aggregation of aggressive bark beetle species seems to be largely dependent on contact pheromones, whereas the host’s susceptibility to feeding is indicated by the release of frass pheromones.

scholarly journals BARK BEETLE SPECIES OF IPS GENUS POSING A THREAT TO RUSSIAN FORESTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
М.В. Воробьева ◽  
Н.П. Бунькова ◽  
П.Н. Сураев ◽  
И.А. Фефелова
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Russian Forests ◽  
The Russian Federation

На основе литературных материалов и результатов собственных исследований авторов проанализированы короеды рода Ips. Отмечается, что в мировой фауне зарегистрировано 37 видов коро- едов данного рода, в том числе восемь распространено на территории Российской Федерации. короеды данного рода повреждают флоэму и камбий, как правило, у ослабленных и отмирающих деревьев. Не- редко они заселяют поваленные ветром деревья и неокоренную лесопродукцию. В то же время в экстре- мальные по погодным условиям годы или после стихийных бедствий (засуха, штормовой ветер и др.) численность короедов резко возрастает, и они приводят к гибели не только отдельные жизнеспособные деревья, но и древостои. кроме того, короеды являются переносчиками спор грибов, приводящих к де- струкции древесины. В работе приведен перечень видов короедов рода Ips, дано описание биологии не- которых видов и рекомендации по недопущению их распространения за пределы естественного ареала. Ключевые слова: короеды, Ips, биологические особенности, виды, карантин, вредоносность. Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках темы FEUG – 2020 – 0013 «Экологические аспекты рационального природопользования». Bark beetles of the Ips genus were analyzed on the barks of literature materials and the results of the authors own research. It is noted that 37 species of bark beetles of this genus have been recorded in the wored fauna, including 8 common on the territory of the Russian Federation. Bark beetles of this genus damage their cambium, as a rule in weakened and dying trees. Often they inhabit trees felled by the wind and forest product uncovered with bark. However, in extreme weather years or after natural disasters (drought, storm, wind and other) number of bark beetles increases shar ply and they this results in the death not only individual viable trees, but also the whole stand. In addition, bark beetles are carriers of fungal spores, leading to the destruction of wood. The work provides a list of bark beetles species of Ips genus, the description of the biology of some species is given, as well as recommendations for preventing their spreading outside the natural range.

scholarly journals Bark beetle associated trematurid mites (Acari: Uropodina: Trematuridae) from Asian Russia with description of a new species

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1592-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeno Kontschán ◽  
Gábor Szőcs ◽  
Balázs Kiss ◽  
Alexander A. Khaustov
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Polygraphus Proximus ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Different Parts

A new Oodinychus Berlese, 1917 species, O. scolytana sp. nov., was discovered and described from the galleries of bark beetles Polygraphus proximus Blandford from two different parts of Asian Russia. New associations are given for the trematurid mites and bark beetle species. Three bark beetle associated species from the Trichouropoda ovalis-group are moved into the genus Oodinychus as O. hirsuta (Hirschmann, 1972) comb. nov., O. rafalski (Wiśniewski & Hirschmann, 1984) comb. nov. and O. wilkinsoni (Hirschmann &Wiśniewski, 1986) comb. nov. Also, Oodinychus egypticus Abo-Shnaf, El-Bishlawy & Allam, 2018 is transferred to the genus Nenteria Oudemans, 1915.

scholarly journals Tick mitochondrial genomes: structural characteristics and phylogenetic implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhong Wang ◽  
Shiqi Zhang ◽  
Tingwei Pei ◽  
Zhijun Yu ◽  
Jingze Liu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Taxonomic Research

Abstract Ticks are obligate blood-sucking arachnid ectoparasites from the order Acarina, and many are notorious as vectors of a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens. However, the systematics of ticks in several genera is still controversial. The mitochondrial genome (mt-genome) has been widely used in arthropod phylogeny, molecular evolution and population genetics. With the development of sequencing technologies, an increasing number of tick mt-genomes have been sequenced and annotated. To date, 63 complete tick mt-genomes are available in the NCBI database, and these genomes have become an increasingly important genetic resource and source of molecular markers in phylogenetic studies of ticks in recent years. The present review summarizes all available complete mt-genomes of ticks in the NCBI database and analyses their characteristics, including structure, base composition and gene arrangement. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from ticks. The results will provide important clues for deciphering new tick mt-genomes and establish a foundation for subsequent taxonomic research.

Saproxylic community, guild and species responses to varying pheromone components of a pine bark beetle

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iñaki Etxebeste ◽  
José L. Lencina ◽  
Juan Pajares
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Aggregation Pheromones ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Saproxylic Beetle ◽  
By Catch ◽  
Associated Species

AbstractSome bark beetle species (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) produce aggregation pheromones that allow coordinated attack on their conifer hosts. As a new saproxylic habitat is founded, an assemblage of associated beetles kairomonally respond to bark beetle infochemicals. Ips sexdentatus is one of the major damaging insects of Pinus spp. in Southern Europe. Its response to varying ipsenol (Ie) percentages in relation to ipsdienol (Id) was studied in northwestern Spain, along with the entire saproxylic beetle assemblage captured at multiple-funnel traps. Response profile modeling was undertaken for I.sexdentatus sexes and sex-ratios, associated species and for selected trophic groups using a reference Gaussian model. In addition, the effects on the saproxylic assemblages were analyzed. I. sexdentatus response curve peaked at 22.7% Ie content, while remaining taxa that could be modeled, peaked above ca. 40% Ie. Predator guilds showed a linear relationship with Ie proportion, while competitors showed a delayed response peak. Consequently, species assemblages differed markedly between varying pheromone component mixtures. Given that the evaluated pheromonal proportions mimicked that of logs being colonized by I. sexdentatus, results suggested that the registered differential responses at different levels might provide I.sexdentatus with a temporal window that maximizes conspecific attraction while reducing interference with competitor and predatory guilds. Described responses might help improve the monitoring of the population status of target bark beetles and their associates, but also point toward the by-catch of many natural enemies, as well as rare saproxylic beetle species, interfering with the aims of sustainable forest management.

scholarly journals Effect of Cleaning Multiple-Funnel Traps on Captures of Bark and Woodboring Beetles in Northeastern United States

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Dodds ◽  
Marc F. DiGirolomo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Conifer Forests ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Broad Scale

Two experiments were conducted in mixed hardwood-conifer forests in the northeastern United States to test the effects of cleaning surfactant and non-surfactant treated multiple-funnel traps used to catch bark and woodboring beetles. Large amounts of pollen and other debris often form a crust on the interior of traps (personal observations). Such surface deposits may provide footholds for beetles to escape capture in traps. In one experiment, we tested cleaned surfactant and non-surfactant traps against non-cleaned surfactant and non-surfactant traps. In a second experiment, we tested field cleaning of modified multiple-funnel traps as an alternative to substituting clean traps on each collection visit. There was no effect of surfactant treated traps, cleaned or not, on total beetles or individual bark beetle species captured. However, in situ cleaned traps were statistically better at capturing total beetles, total bark beetles, and several bark beetle species than non-cleaned control traps. Surfactant-treated non-modified traps and cleaned modified traps had higher species richness and abundance than other treatments at the site level. Our results suggest that cleaning traps to remove accumulated pollen and debris may be helpful for some species but would have limited benefit for broad-scale trapping of bark and woodboring beetles in northeastern forests.

scholarly journals The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Four Hylicinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): Structural Features and Phylogenetic Implications

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Jiu Tang ◽  
Weijian Huang ◽  
Yalin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Nonsynonymous Substitution ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
First Time

To reveal mtgenome characterizations and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of Hylicinae, the complete mtgenomes of four hylicine species, including Nacolus tuberculatus, Hylica paradoxa, Balala fujiana, and Kalasha nativa, were sequenced and comparatively analyzed for the first time. We also carried out the richest (11) subfamily sampling of Cicadellidae to date, and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of Membracoidea among 61 species based on three datasets using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses. All new sequenced mtgenomes are molecules ranging from 14,918 to 16,221 bp in length and are double stranded, circular in shape. The gene composition and arrangement of these mtgenomes are consistent with members of Membracoidea. Among 13 protein-coding genes, most show typical ATN start codons and TAR (TAA/TAG) or an incomplete stop codon T–, and several genes start by TTG/GTG. Results of the analysis for sliding window, nucleotide diversity, and nonsynonymous substitution/synonymous substitution indicate cox1 is a comparatively slower-evolving gene while atp8 is the fastest gene. In line with previous researches, phylogenetic results indicate that treehopper families are paraphyletic with respect to family Cicadellidae and also support the monophyly of all involved subfamilies including Hylicinae. Relationships among the four hylicine genera were recovered as (Hylica + (Nacolus + (Balala + Kalasha))).

scholarly journals Diversity and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) in epidemic populations of bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) in spruce forests of the Tatra National Park in Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
Silvia Hyblerová ◽  
Juraj Medo ◽  
Marek Barta
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
National Park ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Population Outbreaks ◽  
Tatra National Park

Bark beetles are serious forest pests in Slovakia. Their outbreaks may have significant ecological and economic impacts on spruce forests. There is a variety of natural enemies that activate themselves during population outbreaks of insects and entomopathogenic fungi belong to important antagonists with a potential to regulate populations of their hosts. In 2014–2016, species richness and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated during the bark beetle outbreaks in spruce forests affected by windstorms in the Tatra National Park in Slovakia. Three Beauveria species, B. bassiana, B. caledonica and B. pseudobassiana, with Metapochonia bulbillosa were identified from 271 specimens of three bark beetle species, Ips typographus, Ips amitinus and Pityogenes chalcographus. Beauveria bassiana was the dominant pathogen and infected all three bark beetle species. Phylogenetic analysis identified three phylogenetic groups of B. bassiana in the evaluated host populations. M. bulbillosa was reported for the first time from bark beetle hosts and Slovakia. The prevalence of fungal infection in natural populations of I. typographus was low, varied between 0.07 and 0.72%, and have little influence on the bark beetle abundance.

scholarly journals Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Lehenberger ◽  
Markus Benkert ◽  
Peter H. W. Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Defensive Role

Bark beetles (sensu lato) colonize woody tissues like phloem or xylem and are associated with a broad range of micro-organisms. Specific fungi in the ascomycete orders Hypocreales, Microascales and Ophistomatales as well as the basidiomycete Russulales have been found to be of high importance for successful tree colonization and reproduction in many species. While fungal mutualisms are facultative for most phloem-colonizing bark beetles (sensu stricto), xylem-colonizing ambrosia beetles are long known to obligatorily depend on mutualistic fungi for nutrition of adults and larvae. Recently, a defensive role of fungal mutualists for their ambrosia beetle hosts was revealed: Few tested mutualists outcompeted other beetle-antagonistic fungi by their ability to produce, detoxify and metabolize ethanol, which is naturally occurring in stressed and/or dying trees that many ambrosia beetle species preferentially colonize. Here, we aim to test (i) how widespread beneficial effects of ethanol are among the independently evolved lineages of ambrosia beetle fungal mutualists and (ii) whether it is also present in common fungal symbionts of two bark beetle species (Ips typographus, Dendroctonus ponderosae) and some general fungal antagonists of bark and ambrosia beetle species. The majority of mutualistic ambrosia beetle fungi tested benefited (or at least were not harmed) by the presence of ethanol in terms of growth parameters (e.g., biomass), whereas fungal antagonists were inhibited. This confirms the competitive advantage of nutritional mutualists in the beetle’s preferred, ethanol-containing host material. Even though most bark beetle fungi are found in the same phylogenetic lineages and ancestral to the ambrosia beetle (sensu stricto) fungi, most of them were highly negatively affected by ethanol and only a nutritional mutualist of Dendroctonus ponderosae benefited, however. This suggests that ethanol tolerance is a derived trait in nutritional fungal mutualists, particularly in ambrosia beetles that show cooperative farming of their fungi.

scholarly journals Structural Features and Phylogenetic Implications of Four New Mitogenomes of Caliscelidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Nian Gong ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Xiang-Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Region Gene ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Transfer Rnas ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications

To explore the differences in mitogenome variation and phylogenetics among lineages of the Hemiptera superfamily Fulgoroidea, we sequenced four new mitogenomes of Caliscelidae: two species of the genus Bambusicaliscelis (Caliscelinae: Caliscelini), namely Bambusicaliscelis flavus and B. fanjingensis, and two species of the genus Youtuus (Ommatidiotinae: Augilini), namely Youtuus strigatus and Y. erythrus. The four mitogenomes were 15,922–16,640 bp (base pair) in length, with 37 mitochondrial genes and an AT-rich region. Gene content and arrangement were similar to those of most other sequenced hexapod mitogenomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) started with a canonical ATN or GTG and ended with TAA or an incomplete stop codon single T. Except for two transfer RNAs (tRNAs; trnS1 and trnV) lacking a dihydrouridine arm in the four species and trnC lacking a dihydrouridine stem in the Youtuus species, the remaining tRNAs could fold into canonical cloverleaf secondary structures. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data of 13 PCGs in the 28 Fulgoroidea species and two outgroups revealed that Delphacidae was monophyletic with strong support. Our data suggest that Fulgoridae is more ancient than Achilidae. Furthermore, Flatidae, Issidae, and Ricaniidae always cluster to form a sister group to Caliscelidae.

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