scholarly journals Specific and Spillover Effects on Vectors Following Infection of Two RNA Viruses in Pepper Plants

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Saurabh Gautam ◽  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Sivamani Sundaraj ◽  
Kiran R. Gadhave ◽  
John F. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Mixed Virus Infection ◽  
Pepper Plants

Mixed infection of plant viruses is ubiquitous in nature and can affect virus–plant–vector interactions differently than single virus infection. While several studies have examined virus–virus interactions involving mixed virus infection, relatively few have examined effects of mixed virus infection on vector preference and fitness, especially when multiple vectors are involved. This study explored how single and mixed viral infection of a non-persistently transmitted cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and propagative and persistently-transmitted tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) in pepper, Capsicum annum L., influenced the preference and fitness of their vectors, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), respectively. In general, mixed infected plants exhibited severe symptoms compared with individually infected plants. An antagonistic interaction between the two viruses was observed when CMV titer was reduced following mixed infection with TSWV in comparison with the single infection. TSWV titer did not differ between single and mixed infection. Myzus persicae settling preference and median developmental were not significantly different between CMV and/or TSWV-infected and non-infected plants. Moreover, M. persicae fecundity did not differ between CMV-infected and non-infected pepper plants. However, M. persicae fecundity was substantially greater on TSWV-infected plants than non-infected plants. Myzus persicae fecundity on mixed-infected plants was significantly lower than on singly-infected and non-infected plants. Frankliniella fusca fecundity was higher on CMV and/or TSWV-infected pepper plants than non-infected pepper plants. Furthermore, F. fusca-induced feeding damage was higher on TSWV-infected than on CMV-infected, mixed-infected, or non-infected pepper plants. Overall, our results indicate that the effects of mixed virus infection on vectors were not different from those observed following single virus infection. Virus-induced host phenotype-modulated effects were realized on both specific and non-specific vectors, suggesting crosstalk involving all vectors and viruses in this pathosystem. The driving forces of these interactions need to be further examined. The effects of interactions between two viruses and two vectors towards epidemics of one or both viruses also need to be examined.

scholarly journals Etiology, clinical characteristics and coinfection status of bronchiolitis in Suzhou

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahong Tan ◽  
Jinfeng Wu ◽  
Wujun Jiang ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Wei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Mixed Virus Infection

Abstract Background Bronchiolitis is a clinical syndrome commonly encountered in practice, particularly among infants and young children. To investigate the prevalence of pathogens in hospitalized children with bronchiolitis and study the clinical characteristics of bronchiolitis with or without coinfections. Methods We investigated the respiratory specimens and clinical data of 1012 children with bronchiolitis who were treated at the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University between November 2011 and December 2018. The nasopharyngeal aspirates were examined to detect viruses by direct immunofluorescence assay or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) was tested by PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Of the 1134 children less than 2 years with bronchiolitis, 122 were excluded by exclusion criteria. Causative pathogen was detected in 83.2% (842 of 1012). The majority of these (614 [72.9%] of 842) were single virus infection. The most common pathogens detected were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (44.4%), MP (15.6%), and human rhinovirus (HRV) (14.4%). Coinfection was identified in 13.5% (137 of 1012) of the patients. Coinfection included mixed virus infection and virus infection with MP infection. Children with single virus infection had a higher rate of oxygen therapy compared with single MP infection. Conclusions The most common pathogen detected in children with bronchiolitis is RSV, followed by MP and HRV. Coinfection leads to a longer period of illness, increased severity of the symptoms and increased risk of hypoxemia.

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Effect via Endophytism of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Fitness of Myzus persicae and Its Ability to Spread PLRV on Tobacco

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola ◽  
Thomas Bawin ◽  
Frédéric Francis
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Metarhizium Acridum ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Leafroll Virus ◽  
Diverse Plant

Aphids are major crop pests that transmit more than half of all insect-vectored plant viruses responsible for high yield losses worldwide. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are biological control agents mainly used by foliar application to control herbivores, including sap-sucking pests such as aphids. Their ability to colonize plant tissues and to interact with diverse plant pathogenic microorganisms have been reported. In our study, we evaluated the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana ((Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin) directly applied by contact or/and indirectly via endophytism in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) against the virus vector Myzus persicae (Sulzer) carrying the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) or not. We found that both contact treatment and endophytic colonization of leaves significantly increased aphid mortality and decreased the fecundity rate when compared to control plants. In addition, on fungal-colonized leaves, viruliferous aphids were more negatively impacted than virus-free ones and nymph mortality was significantly higher than on fungal-free plants. Furthermore, we assessed PLRV transmission by M. persicae on tobacco plants inoculated with either B. bassiana or Metarhizium acridum ((Driver and Milner) JF Bischoff, Rehner, and Humber) as source or/and recipient plants. Myzus persicae was found to acquire and transmit PLRV regardless of the treatment. Nevertheless, the infection rate of endophytically colonized plants was lower at a seven-day incubation period and had increased to almost 100% after fifteen days. These results suggest that B. bassiana is effective against aphids, both by contact and via endophytism, and both B. bassiana and M. acridum delayed PLRV infection in tobacco.

scholarly journals Effect of aqueous extracts of three different plants on Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infesting pepper plants under laboratory conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Lassaad Mdellel ◽  
Ahmed Abdelli ◽  
Khaled Omar ◽  
Waleed El-Bassam ◽  
Mazen Al-Khateeb
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Mean Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Pot Marigold ◽  
Pepper Plants

This study aimed to determine the percentage infestation and population parameters of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae under laboratory conditions and evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of three different plants (pot marigold: Calendula officinalis, mint: Mentha viridis and rosemary: Salvia rosmarinus) on the mortality of this aphid. Extracts of these plants were used at three concentrations (C1 = 15%, C2 = 30% and C2 = 45%). Results indicate a percentage infestation of 76.9 ± 9.4%, a mean relative growth rate of 0.062 ± 0.007 and generation time of 11.12 ± 1.42 days. All treatments reduced the numbers of aphids and statistically significantly reduced the number (α < 0.01) recorded after treatment with C1, C2 and C3 of each extract. C. officinalis extract was more effective than those of M. viridis and S. rosmarinus. The highest mortality (69.82 ± 5.23%) and efficacy (61.71 ± 4.46%) were recorded for the C3 of aqueous extract of C. officinalis, whereas the lowest mortality (38.24 ± 2.42%) and efficacy (32.41 ± 1.23%) were recorded for the C1 of extract of M. viridis. The data provided indicate that aqueous extracts of C. officinalis, M. viridis and S. rosmarinus have an insecticidal effect on M. persicae and can be integrated into a pest management strategy to reduce M. persicae abundance on pepper plants.

scholarly journals Allium Sativum Leaf Agglutinin (ASAL) Endowed Enhanced Resistance Against Myzus Persicae under Both Constitutive and Phloem Specific Promoters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noroza Umer ◽  
Rubab Zahra Naqvi ◽  
Imran Rauf ◽  
Naveed Anjum ◽  
Hamid Anees Siddiqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco Plants ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Variable Expression ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Plant Transformation Vector

Abstract Globally, aphid, Myzus persicae is an economically significant, polyphagous crop pest that feeds on more than 400 plant species and transmits more than 100 plant viruses. Aphid infestation is mostly managed by insecticides that cause heavy environmental contamination and insect resistance. Cloning of plant derived insecticidal genes to develop transgenic plants under suitable promoter is a promising technology. In the present study, ASAL (MN820725) was isolated from native garlic and cloned in plant transformation vector, pGA482 through Agrobacterium mediated tobacco transformation. PCR of genomic DNA of transgenic tobacco plants using gene specific primers confirmed the presence of asal gene of 546 bp. To detect the integration of gene Southern blot analysis was conducted that revealed stable integration of asal gene while, gene expression was analyzed through qRT-PCR that showed variable expression of asal gene in transgenic tobacco plants. Efficacy of asal gene was evaluated through aphid bioassay. Aphid bioassay revealed that transgenic tobacco lines LS-17, LS-20, LR-1, and LR-7 exhibited 100% aphid mortality and significantly reduced the aphid population. These findings suggested the potential of ASAL against aphids that can be further used against other notorious sap sucking pests.

Interactions between soybean, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soybean mosaic virus: the effects depend on the interaction sequence

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofía Andreola ◽  
Marianela Rodriguez ◽  
Rodrigo Parola ◽  
Sergio Alemano ◽  
Ramiro Lascano
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Tripartite Interaction

The symbiotic interaction between soybean and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can lead to plant growth promotion and induced systemic responses. Symbiotic interactions may increase tolerance/resistance to abiotic/biotic stress conditions, but are also sensitive to environmental conditions. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), which is transmitted by seed and aphids, severely affects crop yields in many areas of the world, consequently virus infection may precede rhizobium infection or vice versa in the field. With the hypothesis that sequence of interaction is a key determinant of the resulting responses; growth, primary metabolism and defence responses were evaluated in different interaction sequences. Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection. The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels. Bj inoculation partially reversed virus-induced symptoms, mainly at Bj-SMV sequence. However, this symptom attenuation did not correlate with less virus accumulation. Nodulation was negatively affected by SMV, particularly when virus infection was previous to Bj inoculation (SMV-Bj). Defence related hormones (salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA)) and the expression of defence-related genes were dependent on the sequence of tripartite interaction. The present study showed that the sequence of the tripartite interaction among soybean, Bj and SMV determinates the tolerance/susceptibility to SMV infection, through changes in the defence mechanism and metabolic alteration.

scholarly journals Studies on the transmission of sugar-beet yellows virus by the aphis, Myzus persicae (Sulz.)

1940 ◽  
Vol 128 (853) ◽  
pp. 535-552 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Persistent Viruses ◽  
Beet Yellows Virus ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies on the relationship between plant viruses and their insect vectors have been carried out which viruses which are easily mechanically transmissible and whose vectors lose their infectivity within a few hours of removal from the source of infection. This type of virus has been called (Watson and Roberts 1939) non-persistent , for it was observed that the property in which viruses of this type resemble each other, and differ from those viruses whose vectors retain their infectivity for long periods, namely, the persistent viruses. It seems that these differences must lie in the nature of the viruses themselves, for viruses of both types can be transmitted by the same vector. Sugar-beet yellows virus (Petherbridge and Stirrup 1935) seems to be a member of the persistent class, for its vector, Myzus persicae , the same insect as was used in previous work on non-persistent viruses (Watson 1936, 1938; Watson and Roberts 1939), remains infective for several days after removal from the source of infection (Roland 1939). Also it is not transmissible mechanically by any of the usual methods (Quanjer 1934, 1936). The present paper, therefore, describes some studies on the vector-virus relationships of this virus by the methods which have been used previously only on the non-persistent types.

The presence of filarial parasites of dogs in Serrae Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. FOUNTA (Α. ΦΟΥΝΤΑ) ◽  
Y. THEODORIDIS (Ι. ΘΕΟΔΩΡΙΔΗΣ) ◽  
S. FRYDAS (Σ. ΦΡΥΔΑΣ) ◽  
S. CHLIOUNAKIS (Σ. ΧΛΕΙΟΥΝΑΚΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Dirofilaria Repens ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Blood samples of 252 male and female dogs, aged between 7 months and 12 years, different races, and usefulness (utilities), which came from lowland and demi-highland and highland districts of Serrae province, of Macedonia-Greece. The purpose of this survey was to find out the infected dogs with filarial parasites. Ninety six (38,1%) out of the examined dogs were found to be infected with one or more parasitic species. The 86 (34,13%) dogs were infected with Dirofilaria immitis, the 84 (33,33%) dogs were infected with Dirofilaria repens and the 10 (3,97%) dogs were infected with Dipetalonema reconditum. Single infection, with Dirofilaria immitis was observed in 9, with Dirofilaria repens in 7, whereas, no single infection with Dipetalonema reconditum were observed. Mixed infection with Dirofilaria immitis + Dirafilaria repens were observed in 66, with Dirofilaria immitis + Dipetalonema reconditum were observed in 2, with Dirofilaria repens + Dipetalonema reconditum in 2 and finely, in 10 the combination with Dirofilaria immitis + Dirofilaria repens + Dipetalonema reconditum. The microfilarial burden per ml of the infected dogs fluctuated between 85 and 7.375. There were no any significant difference between the different group of dogs according sex, age, usefulness, longhair or shorthair as well as lowland and semi-highland districts, on the percentage of infected or microfilarial population of each.

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