scholarly journals Strong Gene Flow Undermines Local Adaptations in a Host Parasite System

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Perttu Seppä ◽  
Mariaelena Bonelli ◽  
Simon Dupont ◽  
Sanja Maria Hakala ◽  
Anne-Geneviève Bagnères ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Social Wasp ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Social Parasite ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Dna Microsatellites ◽  
Geographic Mosaic ◽  
Local Adaptations

The co-evolutionary pathways followed by hosts and parasites strongly depend on the adaptive potential of antagonists and its underlying genetic architecture. Geographically structured populations of interacting species often experience local differences in the strength of reciprocal selection pressures, which can result in a geographic mosaic of co-evolution. One example of such a system is the boreo-montane social wasp Polistes biglumis and its social parasite Polistes atrimandibularis, which have evolved local defense and counter-defense mechanisms to match their antagonist. In this work, we study spatial genetic structure of P. biglumis and P. atrimandibularis populations at local and regional scales in the Alps, by using nuclear markers (DNA microsatellites, AFLP) and mitochondrial sequences. Both the host and the parasite populations harbored similar amounts of genetic variation. Host populations were not genetically structured at the local scale, but geographic regions were significantly differentiated from each other in both the host and the parasite in all markers. The net dispersal inferred from genetic differentiation was similar in the host and the parasite, which may be due to the annual migration pattern of the parasites between alpine and lowland populations. Thus, the apparent dispersal barriers (i.e., high mountains) do not restrict gene flow as expected and there are no important gene flow differences between the species, which contradict the hypothesis that restricted gene flow is required for local adaptations to evolve.

Staying close: short local dispersal distances on a managed forest of two Patagonian Nothofagus species

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Sola ◽  
Verónica El Mujtar ◽  
Leonardo Gallo ◽  
Giovanni G Vendramin ◽  
Paula Marchelli
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Gene Dispersal ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Understanding the impact of management on the dispersal potential of forest tree species is pivotal in the context of global change, given the implications of gene flow on species evolution. We aimed to determine the effect of logging on gene flow distances in two Nothofagus species from temperate Patagonian forests having high ecological relevance and wood quality. Therefore, a total of 778 individuals (mature trees and saplings) of Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua, from a single plot managed 20 years ago (2.85 hectares), were mapped and genotyped at polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Historical estimates of gene dispersal distance (based on fine-scale spatial genetic structure) and contemporary estimates of seed and pollen dispersal (based on spatially explicit mating models) were obtained. The results indicated restricted gene flow (gene distance ≤ 45 m, both pollen and seed), no selfing and significant seed and pollen immigration from trees located outside the studied plot but in the close surrounding area. The size of trees (diameter at breast height and height) was significantly associated with female and/or male fertility. The significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure was consistent with the restricted seed and pollen dispersal. Moreover, both estimates of gene dispersal (historical and contemporary) gave congruent results. This suggests that the recent history of logging within the study area has not significantly influenced on patterns of gene flow, which can be explained by the silviculture applied to the stand. The residual tree density maintained species composition, and the homogeneous spatial distribution of trees allowed the maintenance of gene dispersal. The short dispersal distance estimated for these two species has several implications both for understanding the evolution of the species and for defining management, conservation and restoration actions. Future replication of this study in other Nothofagus Patagonian forests would be helpful to validate our conclusions.

Spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) populations in France

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 236-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akhoundi ◽  
Pierre Kengne ◽  
Arnaud Cannet ◽  
Cécile Brengues ◽  
Jean-Michel Berenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Bed Bugs

Spatial genetic and clonal structure in Maianthemum dilatatum as defined by AFLP markers

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1126-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy S.G. Wilson ◽  
Bart J. van der Kamp ◽  
Carol Ritland
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Clonal Structure ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Flow Processes ◽  
Low Levels

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to investigate the clonal and spatial genetic structure of Maianthemum dilatatum (A. Wood) Nels. & J.F. Macbr. (Convallariaceae), a clonal rhizomatous herb, which can form large patches of continuous cover. Within a subpopulation covering approximately 3 ha, all patches (n = 21) were mapped and sampled. Within these patches, 116 ramets were sampled and assigned to 74 putative genets. Small patches appeared to be single genets while larger patches were genetically heterogeneous and only moderately differentiated (ΦST = 0.291, p = 0.001). Less intense sampling in other populations produced similar results in that single genet populations were not found. Evidence of genet natality was present with the detection of five yearlings within a single season. Spatial autocorrelation measures detected spatial genetic structure attributable to both clonal growth and gene flow processes. It was concluded that within M. dilatatum populations, clonality is a significant factor, but the spatial structuring of genetic variation suggests that both low levels of restricted gene flow and repeated recruitment of genets occur.

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation among sympatric cuckoo host races: males matter

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1712) ◽  
pp. 1639-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Fossøy ◽  
Anton Antonov ◽  
Arne Moksnes ◽  
Eivin Røskaft ◽  
Johan R. Vikan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Female Specific

Generalist parasites regularly evolve host-specific races that each specialize on one particular host species. Many host-specific races originate from geographically structured populations where local adaptations to different host species drive the differentiation of distinct races. However, in sympatric populations where several host races coexist, gene flow could potentially disrupt such host-specific adaptations. Here, we analyse genetic differentiation among three sympatrically breeding host races of the brood-parasitic common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus . In this species, host-specific adaptations are assumed to be controlled by females only, possibly via the female-specific W-chromosome, thereby avoiding that gene flow via males disrupts local adaptations. Although males were more likely to have offspring in two different host species (43% versus 7%), they did not have significantly more descendants being raised outside their putative foster species than females (9% versus 2%). We found significant genetic differentiation for both biparentally inherited microsatellite DNA markers and maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA markers. To our knowledge, this is the first study that finds significant genetic differentiation in biparentally inherited markers among cuckoo host-specific races. Our results imply that males also may contribute to the evolution and maintenance of the different races, and hence that the genes responsible for egg phenotype may be found on autosomal chromosomes rather than the female-specific W-chromosome as previously assumed.

scholarly journals Gene flow relates to evolutionary divergence among populations at the range margin

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kaňuch ◽  
Berrit Kiehl ◽  
Anna Cassel-Lundhagen ◽  
Ane T. Laugen ◽  
Matthew Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Local Adaptations

Background Morphological differentiation between populations resulting from local adaptations to environmental conditions is likely to be more pronounced in populations with increasing genetic isolation. In a previous study a positive clinal variation in body size was observed in isolated Roesel’s bush-cricket, Metrioptera roeselii, populations, but were absent from populations within a continuous distribution at the same latitudinal range. This observational study inferred that there was a phenotypic effect of gene flow on climate-induced selection in this species. Methods To disentangle genetic versus environmental drivers of population differences in morphology, we measured the size of four different body traits in wild-caught individuals from the two most distinct latitudinally-matched pairs of populations occurring at about 60°N latitude in northern Europe, characterised by either restricted or continuous gene flow, and corresponding individuals raised under laboratory conditions. Results Individuals that originated from the genetically isolated populations were always bigger (femur, pronotum and genital appendages) when compared to individuals from latitudinally-matched areas characterised by continuous gene flow between populations. The magnitude of this effect was similar for wild-caught and laboratory-reared individuals. We found that previously observed size cline variation in both male and female crickets was likely to be the result of local genetic adaptation rather than phenotypic plasticity. Conclusions This strongly suggests that restricted gene flow is of major importance for frequencies of alleles that participate in climate-induced selection acting to favour larger phenotypes in isolated populations towards colder latitudes.

Spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in a functionally dioecious fig, Ficus pumila L. var. pumila (Moraceae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Wang ◽  
Bin Ai ◽  
Bang-Quan Gao ◽  
Shuo Yu ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow

Restricted gene flow in fragmented populations of a wind-pollinated tree

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1521-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Provan ◽  
Gemma E. Beatty ◽  
Andrea M. Hunter ◽  
Robbie A. McDonald ◽  
Emma McLaughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Fragmented Populations
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