scholarly journals Enzymatic Defense Response of Apple Aphid Aphis pomi to Increased Temperature

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Dampc ◽  
Monika Kula-Maximenko ◽  
Mateusz Molon ◽  
Roma Durak
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Aphis Pomi ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Enzymatic Markers

Climate change, and in particular the increase in temperature we are currently observing, can affect herbivorous insects. Aphids, as poikilothermic organisms, are directly exposed to temperature increases that influence their metabolism. Heat stress causes disturbances between the generations and the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this work is focused on explaining how the aphid, using the example of Aphis pomi, responds to abiotic stress caused by temperature increase. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions at three temperatures: 20, 25, and 28 °C. In the first stage, changes in the activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD)) were determined in aphid tissues, at each temperature. In the second stage, microcalorimetry monitored changes in heat emitted by aphids, at each temperature. Our results showed that A. pomi defense responses varied depending on temperature and were highest at 28 °C. The flexible activity of enzymes and increase in the metabolic rate played the role of adaptive mechanisms and ran more effectively at higher temperatures. The A. pomi thus protected itself against ROS excessive induction and the aphids were able to respond quickly to environmental stress.

Overexpression of a directed mutant of 14-3-3ω in Arabidopsis leaves affects phosphorylation and protein content of nitrate reductaseThis paper is one of a selection published in a Special Issue comprising papers presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists (CSPP) held at the University of Ottawa, Ontario, in June 2008.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man-Ho Oh ◽  
Joan L. Huber ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
Gurdeep S. Athwal ◽  
Xia Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Client Proteins ◽  
The University

The 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved signaling proteins in eukaryotes that bind to their client proteins, usually through specific phosphorylated target sequences. While the 14-3-3 proteins are thought to interact with a wide array of cellular proteins, there have been few studies addressing the in-vivo role of 14-3-3. As one approach to study this in-vivo role, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing a directed mutant of 14-3-3 isoform ω that inhibits phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR) in a largely divalent-cation-independent manner in vitro. The transgenic plants had increased relative phosphorylation of NR at the regulatory Ser-534 site and decreased NR activity measured in the presence of 5 mmol·L–1 MgCl2 relative to nontransgenic plants. In addition, total NR protein was increased and the protein half-life was increased about two-fold. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analysis of proteins extracted from leaves of plants expressing the mutant 14-3-3 identified numerous cellular proteins that were altered in abundance. In particular, several β-glucosidase and glutathione S-transferase isoforms were decreased in abundance relative to wild type plants suggesting a possible alteration in stress or defense responses.

Role of antioxidant defenses during estivation and anoxia exposure in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus V.R Ferreira ◽  
Antonieta C.R Alencastro ◽  
Marcelo Hermes-Lima
Keyword(s):  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Gpx Activity

The effects of 24 h of exposure to underwater anoxia and 15 days of estivation (at 26–27°C) on the enzymatic antioxidant system of the hepatopancreas of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria tenagophila (Planorbidae) are described. The effect of 24 h of recovery was also investigated. Catalase activity dropped by 31% during 24 h of anoxia, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced by 43% during the 15 days of estivation. This is consistent with the overall decrease in metabolic rate during estivation or anoxia. Indeed, the heartbeat diminished by 28–36% during estivation (determination was possible for only 4 days) and by 66% after 24 h of anoxia. On the other hand, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPX) activity increased during anoxia (from 10 to 14 mU/mg protein) and estivation (by 14%). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase activities remained unchanged during estivation and anoxia. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was unchanged during estivation and recovery. Recovery restored SOD activity. Catalase, Se-GPX, and GST activities during recovery were significantly lower than those of the respective controls. Lipid peroxidation, determined as the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, was unchanged in the hepatopancreas after 15 days of estivation and 26 h of recovery from estivation. It is possible that the increase in Se-GPX activity during anoxia and estivation, and the maintenance of GST activity, are relevant in minimizing the effects of reactive oxygen species that can be formed upon resumption of aerobic metabolism. Thus, B. tenagophila may have a biochemical strategy of preparation for oxidative stress such as that observed in several other species of anoxia/hypoxia-tolerant animals.

Effects of silicon on plant resistance to environmental stresses: review

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Balakhnina ◽  
A. Borkowska
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

Abstract The role of exogenous silicon in enhancing plant resistance to various abiotic stressors: salinity, drought, metal toxicities and ultraviolet radiation are presented. The data on possible involvement of silicon in reducing the reactive oxygen species generation, intensity of lipid peroxidation, and in some cases, increasing the activity of enzymes of the reactive oxygen species detoxificators: superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase are analyzed.

scholarly journals Changes in Aphid–Plant Interactions under Increased Temperature

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Jan Dampc ◽  
Mateusz Mołoń ◽  
Tomasz Durak ◽  
Roma Durak
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Enzymatic Markers ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Macrosiphum Rosae

Thermal stress in living organisms causes an imbalance between the processes of creating and neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The work aims to explain changes in the aphid–host plant interaction due to an increase in temperature. Tests were carried out at three constant temperatures (20, 25, or 28 °C). Firstly, changes in development of Macrosiphum rosae were determined. Secondly, the activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD)) in aphid M. rosae tissues and host plant were analyzed at all temperatures. An increase in temperature to 28 °C had a negative effect on the biology of M. rosae by shortening the period of reproduction and longevity, thus reducing the demographic parameters and fecundity. Two stages of the aphid’s defensive response to short-term (24–96 h) and long-term (2 weeks) thermal stress were observed. Aphid defense responses varied considerably with temperature and were highest at 28 °C. In turn, for the plants, which were exposed to both abiotic stress caused by elevated temperature and biotic stress caused by aphid feeding, their enzymatic defense was more effective at 20 °C, when enzyme activities at their highest were observed.

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